Cognition / Edition 8

by Margaret W. Matlin

Overview

Margaret Matlin and new co-author Thomas Farmer’s Cognition demonstrates how cognitive processes are relevant to everyday, real-world experiences, and frequently examines how cognition can be applied to other disciplines such as clinical psychology, social psychology, consumer psychology, education, communication, business, medicine, and law. The 9th edition continues to relate cognitive topics to applications in everyday life. This edition is fully updated with research and additional anecdotes. It also includes more research on neuroscience.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781118148969
Publisher:	Wiley
Publication date:	11/13/2012
Pages:	640
Product dimensions:	7.80(w) x 9.20(h) x 1.00(d)

About the Author

Margaret W. Matlin received her bachelor’s degree from Stanford University and her Ph.D. from the University of Michigan. She currently holds the title of Distinguished Teaching Professor of Psychology at SUNY Geneseo, where she has taught the course in cognitive psychology for 20 years.

Dr. Matlin is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association, the American Psychological Society, and the Canadian Psychological Association. She received the State University of New York Chancellor’s Award for Excellence in Teaching in 1977, the American Psychological Association’s Teaching of Psychology Award for four-year institutions in 1985, the American Psychological Foundation’s Distinguished Teaching in Psychology Award in 1995, and the Society for the Psychology of Women’s Heritage Award for outstanding lifetime contributions to the teaching of the psychology of women in 2001.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology 1

Chapter Introduction 2

What is Cognitive Psychology? 2

A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology 7

The Origins of Cognitive Psychology 7

Behaviorism 9

The Cognitive Revolution 10

Cognitive Psychology in Present Times 12

The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior 14

Cognitive Science 14

Artificial Intelligence 15

Cognitive Neuroscience 19

Overview of Your Textbook 24

Preview of the Chapters 25

Themes in the Book 26

How to Use Your Book Effectively 28

Chapter Review Questions 35

Keywords 36

Recommended Readings 37

Chapter 2 Visual and Auditory Recognition 39

Chapter Introduction 40

Overview of Visual Object Recognition 40

The Visual System 41

Organization in Visual Perception 44

Theories of Visual Object Recognition 46

Top-Down Processing and Visual Object Recognition 52

Bottom-Up Versus Top-Down Processing 52

Top-Down Processing and Reading 53

“Smart Mistakes” in Object Recognition 56

Specialized Visual Recognition Processes 59

Recognizing Faces Versus Recognizing Other Objects 60

Neuroscience Research on Face Recognition 60

Applied Research on Face Recognition 62

Speech Perception 66

Characteristics of Speech Perception 66

Theories of Speech Perception 70

The Special Mechanism Approach 70

The General Mechanism Approaches 71

Chapter Review Questions 74

Keywords 75

Recommended Readings 76

Chapter 3 Attention and Consciousness 77

Chapter Introduction 78

Overview of Attention 79

Divided Attention 80

Selective Attention 81

Eye Movements in Reading 88

Overview of Eye Movements in Reading 88

Selective Attention in Reading 90

Neuroscience of Attention 92

The Orienting Attention Network 92

The Executive Attention Network 94

Theories of Attention 95

Early Theories of Attention 95

Feature-Integration Theory 96

Consciousness 99

Thought Suppression 101

Blindsight 103

Chapter Review Questions 106

Keywords 107

Recommended Readings 108

Chapter 4 Working Memory 109

Chapter Introduction 110

Classical Research on Short-Term Memory 110

The “Magical Number Seven” 111

Early Research on Short-Term Capacity Limits 112

Atkinson and Shiffrin’s Model of Information Processing 117

The Turn to Working Memory 120

Evidence for Components with Independent Capacities 123

Phonological Loop 124

Visuospatial Sketchpad 127

Central Executive 129

Episodic Buffer 132

Working Memory Effects on Academic Performance and Relationships to Mental Health 134

Working Memory and Academic Performance 135

Working Memory Abilities in Clinical Populations 135

Chapter Review Questions 140

Keywords 141

Recommended Readings 141

Chapter 5 Long-Term Memory 143

Chapter Introduction 144

Brief Overview of Long-Term Memory 144

Encoding in Long-Term Memory 147

Levels of Processing 147

Encoding-Specificity Principle 152

Retrieval in Long-Term Memory 156

Explicit Versus Implicit Memory Tasks 157

Individuals with Amnesia 159

Expertise 161

Autobiographical Memory 165

Schemas and Autobiographical Memory 166

Source Monitoring and Reality Monitoring 167

Flashbulb Memories 168

Eyewitness Testimony 171

Special Topics in Long-Term Memory 176

Emotions and Memory 177

Anxiety Disorders and Explicit and Implicit Memory Tasks 180

The Recovered-Memory/False-Memory Controversy 181

Both Perspectives Are at Least Partially Correct 185

Chapter Review Questions 188

Keywords 190

Recommended Readings 190

Chapter 6 Memory Strategies and Metacognition 191

Chapter Introduction 192

Memory Strategies I: Memory Strategies Informed by Memory Concepts 193

Memory Strategies II: Practice And Mnemonics 198

Memory Strategies Emphasizing Practice 198

Mnemonics Using Imagery 201

Mnemonics Using Organization 203

Prospective Memory 205

Metamemory 210

Accuracy of Metamemory 211

Metamemory About Factors Affecting Memory Accuracy 213

Metamemory and the Regulation of Study Strategies 214

Tip-of-the-Tongue and Feeling-of-Knowing Effects 216

Metacomprehension 219

Metacomprehension Accuracy 219

Improving Metacomprehension 221

Chapter Review Questions 225

Keywords 226

Recommended Readings 227

Chapter 7 Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps 229

Chapter Introduction 230

Classical Research on Visual Imagery 230

Overview of Mental Imagery 230

Mental Rotation 232

The Imagery Debate 236

Visual Imagery and Ambiguous Figures 238

Factors That Influence Visual Imagery 242

Distance and Shape Effects on Visual Imagery 242

Visual Imagery and Interference 245

Visual Imagery and Other Vision-Like Processes 245

Gender Comparisons in Spatial Ability 246

Auditory Imagery 249

Auditory Imagery and Pitch 250

Auditory Imagery and Timbre 251

Cognitive Maps 252

Distance and Shape Effects on Cognitive Maps 255

Relative Position Effects on Cognitive Maps 258

Creating a Cognitive Map 261

The Situated Cognition Approach 264

Chapter Review Questions 267

Keywords 268

Recommended Readings 269

Chapter 8 General Knowledge 271

Chapter Introduction 272

Background and Approaches to Semantic Memory 272

The Prototype Approach 275

The Exemplar Approach 281

Comparing the Prototype and Exemplar Approaches 283

Network Models of Semantic Memory 285

Anderson’s ACT-R Approach 285

The Parallel Distributed Processing Approach 288

Schemas and Scripts 295

Background on Schemas and Scripts 296

Schemas and Memory Selection 298

Schemas and Boundary Extension 303

Schemas and Memory Abstraction 304

Schemas and Memory Integration 307

Chapter Review Questions 315

Keywords 316

Recommended Readings 317

Chapter 9 Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension 319

Chapter Introduction 320

Overview of Psycholinguistics 320

Relevant Terminology and Background On Language 321

A Brief History of Psycholinguistics 324

On-Line Sentence Comprehension 328

Negation and the Passive Voice 328

Syntactic Complexity 329

Lexical and Syntactic Ambiguity 331

Brain and Language 337

General Considerations 337

Aphasia 338

Revisiting Broca’s Area 340

Hemispheric Specialization 342

The Mirror System 344

Reading 346

Comparing Written and Spoken Language 347

Reading Words: Theoretical Approaches 348

Implications for Teaching Reading to Children 350

Discourse Comprehension 353

Forming an Integrated Representation of the Text 354

Drawing Inferences During Reading 355

Teaching Metacomprehension Skills 358

Test Anxiety and Reading Comprehension 359

Chapter Review Questions 363

Keywords 364

Recommended Readings 365

Chapter 10 Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism 367

Chapter Introduction 368

Speaking I: Overview of Production Processes 368

Producing a Word 369

Speech Errors 370

Producing a Sentence 372

Producing Discourse 373

Speaking II: Language Production and Naturalistic Communication 374

Using Gestures: Embodied Cognition 374

The Social Context of Language Production 378

Language Production and Writing 383

The Role of Working Memory In Writing 384

Planning a Formal Writing Assignment 385

Sentence Generation During Writing 386

The Revision Phase of Writing 387

Bilingualism 388

Background on Bilingualism 388

The Social Context of Bilingualism 390

Advantages (and Minor Disadvantages) of Bilingualism 391

Proficiency and Second Language Acquisition 394

Second-Language Proficiency 394

Simultaneous Interpreters and Working Memory 397

Chapter Review Questions 402

Keywords 403

Recommended Readings 403

Chapter 11 Problem Solving and Creativity 405

Chapter Introduction 406

Understanding the Problem 406

Paying Attention to Important Information 408

Methods of Representing the Problem 408

Situated and Embodied Cognition Perspectives on Problem Solving 413

Problem-Solving Strategies 416

The Analogy Approach 417

The Means-Ends Heuristic 419

The Hill-Climbing Heuristic 421

Factors That Influence Problem Solving 422

Expertise 423

Mental Set 425

Functional Fixedness 426

Gender Stereotypes and Math Problem Solving 427

Insight Versus Noninsight Problems 431

The Nature of Insight 431

Metacognition During Problem Solving 432

Advice About Problem Solving 432

Creativity 434

Guilford’s Classic Approach to Creativity 436

The Nature of Creativity 436

Extrinsic Motivation and Creativity 437

Intrinsic Motivation and Creativity 437

Chapter Review Questions 442

Keywords 443

Recommended Readings 443

Chapter 12 Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making 445

Chapter Introduction 446

Deductive Reasoning 446

An Overview of Conditional Reasoning 448

Difficulties with Linguistically Negative Information 451

Difficulties with Abstract Reasoning Problems 451

The Belief-Bias Effect 451

The Confirmation Bias 452

Decision Making I: Overview of Heuristics 456

The Representativeness Heuristic 457

The Availability Heuristic 463

The Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic 468

Current Status of Heuristics and Decision Making 473

Decision Making II: Applications of Decision-Making Research 474

The Framing Effect 475

Overconfidence About Decisions 478

The Hindsight Bias 482

Research About the Hindsight Bias 482

Explanations for the Hindsight Bias 483

Decision-Making Style and Psychological Well-Being 484

Hypothetical Decision Making: How Should Wealth Be Distributed? 486

Chapter Review Questions 489

Keywords 490

Recommended Readings 491

Chapter 13 Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan 493

Chapter Introduction 494

The Lifespan Development of Memory 495

Memory in Infants 495

Memory in Children 499

Memory in Elderly People 509

The Lifespan Development of Metamemory 515

Metamemory in Children 515

Metamemory in Elderly People 519

The Development of Language 521

Language in Infants 522

Language in Children 527

Words 528

Morphology 529

Syntax 529

Pragmatics 530

Chapter Review Questions 535

Keywords 536

Recommended Readings 536

Glossary 537

Index 553