Computation and Intelligence brings together 29 readings in Artificial Intelligence that are particularly relevant to today's student/practitioner. With its helpful critique of the selections, extensive bibliography, and clear presentation of the material, Computation and Intelligence will be a useful adjunct to any course in AI as well as a handy reference for professionals in the field.The book is divided into five parts, each reflecting the stages of development of AI. The first part, Foundations,, contains readings that present or discuss foundational ideas linking computation and intelligence, typified by A. M. Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence." The second part, Knowledge Representation, presents a sampling of numerous representational schemes by Newell, Minsky, Collins & Quillian, Winograd, Schank,Hayes, Holland, McClelland, Rumelhart, Hinton, and Brooks.The third part, Weak Method Problem Solving, fouses on the research and design of syntax-based problem solvers, including the most famous of these, the Logic Theorist and GPS. The fourth part, Reasoning in Complex and Dynamic Environments, presents a broad spectrum of the AI community's research in knowledge-intensive problem solving, from McCarthy's early design of systems with "common sense" to model-based reasoning.The two concluding selections, by Marvin Minsky and by Herbert Simon, respectively,present the recent thoughts of two of AI's pioneers who revisit the concepts and controversies that have developed during the evolution of the tools and techniques that make up the current practice of Artificial Intelligence.
| Acknowledgments | ||
| Introduction | ||
| 1 | The Prehistory of Android Epistemology | 3 |
| 2 | Computing Machinery and Intelligence | 23 |
| 3 | Steps Towards Artificial Intelligence | 47 |
| 4 | Computer Science as Empirical Enquiry: Symbols and Search | 91 |
| 5 | The Knowledge Level | 125 |
| 6 | A Framework for Representing Knowledge | 165 |
| 7 | Retrieval Time from Semantic Memory | 193 |
| 8 | A Procedural Model of Language Understanding | 203 |
| 9 | The Structure of Episodes in Memory | 235 |
| 10 | In Defense of Logic | 261 |
| 11 | Escaping Brittleness: The Possibility of General Purpose Learning Algorithms Applied to Parallel Rule-Based Systems | 275 |
| 12 | The Appeal of Parallel Distributed Processing | 305 |
| 13 | Intelligence Without Representation | 343 |
| 14 | Empirical Explorations with the Logic Theory Machine | 365 |
| 15 | Some Studies in Machine Learning Using the Game of Checkers | 391 |
| 16 | GPS, A Program that Simulates Human Thought | 415 |
| 17 | STRIPS: A New Approach in the Application of Theorem Proving to Problem Solving | 429 |
| 18 | Blackboard Systems: The Blackboard Model of Problem Solving and the Evolution of Blackboard Architectures | 447 |
| 19 | Programs with Common Sense | 479 |
| 20 | Dendral and Meta-Dendral: Their Application Dimension | 493 |
| 21 | Consultation Systems for Physicians | 511 |
| 22 | A Truth Maintenance System | 529 |
| 23 | Circumscription - A Form of Non-Monotonic Reasoning | 555 |
| 24 | The Second Naive Physics Manifesto | 567 |
| 25 | Paradigms for Machine Learning | 587 |
| 26 | Improving Human Decision Making Through Case Based Decision Aiding | 597 |
| 27 | Diagnosis Based on Description of Structure and Function | 623 |
| 28 | Pengi: An Implementation of a Theory of Activity | 635 |
| 29 | Logical Versus Analogical or Symbolic Versus Connectionist or Neat Versus Scruffy | 647 |
| 30 | Machine as Mind | 675 |
| Bibliography | 693 | |
| Index | 729 |
Overview
Computation and Intelligence brings together 29 readings in Artificial Intelligence that are particularly relevant to today's student/practitioner. With its helpful critique of the selections, extensive bibliography, and clear presentation of the material, Computation and Intelligence will be a useful adjunct to any course in AI as well as a handy reference for professionals in the field.The book is divided into five parts, each reflecting the stages of development of AI. The first part, Foundations,, contains ...