| Preface | xvii |
I | The U.S. Constitution | |
| An Introduction to the U.S. Constitution | 3 |
| The Road to the U.S. Constitution | 3 |
| Underlying Principles of the Constitution | 7 |
| Readings | 11 |
1. | Understanding the U.S. Supreme Court | 13 |
| Processing Supreme Court Cases | 13 |
| Supreme Court Decisionmaking: Legally Relevant Approaches | 24 |
| Supreme Court Decisionmaking: Extralegal Approaches | 35 |
| Conducting Research on the Supreme Court | 47 |
| Readings | 49 |
II | Institutional Authority | |
| Structuring the Federal System | 55 |
| Origins of the Separation of Powers/Checks and Balances System | 55 |
| Separation of Powers and the Constitution | 57 |
| Contemporary Thinking on the Constitutional Scheme: Separation of Powers Games | 58 |
| Readings | 60 |
2. | The Judiciary | 61 |
| Establishment of the Federal Judiciary | 62 |
| Judicial Review | 66 |
| Marbury v. Madison (1803) | 66 |
| Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816) | 78 |
| Eakin v. Raub (1825) | 87 |
| Constraints on Judicial Power: Article III | 91 |
| Ex parte McCardle (1869) | 92 |
| Baker v. Carr (1962) | 99 |
| Nixon v. United States (1993) | 105 |
| Flast v. Cohen (1968) | 110 |
| Constraints on Judicial Power: The Separation of Powers/Checks and Balances System | 117 |
| Readings | 119 |
3. | The Legislature | 121 |
| Article I: Historical Overview | 121 |
| Congressional Authority over Internal Affairs: Institutional Independence and Integrity | 125 |
| Powell v. McCormack (1969) | 128 |
| U.S. Term Limits v. Thornton (1995) | 134 |
| Gravel v. United States (1972) | 142 |
| Sources and Scope of Legislative Powers | 147 |
| McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) | 149 |
| McGrain v. Daugherty (1927) | 157 |
| Watkins v. United States (1957) | 161 |
| Barenblatt v. United States (1959) | 166 |
| United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. (1936) | 174 |
| South Carolina v. Katzenbach (1966) | 179 |
| Readings | 183 |
4. | The Executive | 185 |
| Article II: Basic Considerations | 185 |
| The Faithful Execution of the Laws: Defining the Contours of Presidential Power | 194 |
| In re Neagle (1890) | 194 |
| Domestic Powers of the President | 200 |
| Clinton v. City of New York (1998) | 201 |
| Morrison v. Olson (1988) | 206 |
| Myers v. United States (1926) | 216 |
| Humphrey's Executor v. United States (1935) | 220 |
| United States v. Nixon (1974) | 224 |
| Mississippi v. Johnson (1867) | 229 |
| Nixon v. Fitzgerald (1982) | 232 |
| Clinton v. Jones (1997) | 237 |
| Ex parte Grossman (1925) | 243 |
| Murphy v. Ford (1975) | 246 |
| The President and Foreign Policy | 248 |
| United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. (1936) | 248 |
| Readings | 251 |
5. | The Separation of Powers System in Action | 252 |
| Domestic Powers | 252 |
| Mistretta v. United States (1989) | 257 |
| Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha (1983) | 262 |
| Bowsher v. Synar (1986) | 266 |
| Presidential Power During War and National Emergencies | 271 |
| The Prize Cases (1863) | 272 |
| Ex parte Milligan (1866) | 275 |
| Korematsu v. United States (1944) | 283 |
| Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company v. Sawyer (1952) | 288 |
| Dames & Moore v. Regan (1981) | 293 |
| Readings | 296 |
III | Nation-State Relations | |
| Allocating Government Power | 299 |
| The Framers and Federalism | 300 |
| The Tenth and Eleventh Amendments | 301 |
| Readings | 303 |
6. | Federalism | 305 |
| Nation-State Relations: The Doctrinal Cycle | 305 |
| McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) | 307 |
| Scott v. Sandford (1857) | 313 |
| Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918) | 321 |
| United States v. Darby Lumber (1941) | 325 |
| National League of Cities v. Usery (1976) | 327 |
| Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority (1985) | 333 |
| New York v. United States (1992) | 339 |
| Printz v. United States (1997) | 344 |
| The Eleventh Amendment | 350 |
| Alden v. Maine (1999) | 352 |
| New Judicial Federalism | 359 |
| Michigan v. Long (1983) | 361 |
| National Preemption of State Laws | 369 |
| State of Missouri v. Holland (1920) | 369 |
| Crosby v. National Foreign Trade Council (2000) | 371 |
| Pennsylvania v. Nelson (1956) | 376 |
| Pacific Gas and Electric Company v. State Energy Resources Conservation and Development Commission (1983) | 379 |
| Readings | 383 |
7. | The Commerce Power | 385 |
| Constitutional Foundations of the Commerce Power | 385 |
| Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) | 387 |
| Defining Interstate Commerce | 391 |
| United States v. E. C. Knight Co. (1895) | 393 |
| Stafford v. Wallace (1922) | 397 |
| The Supreme Court and the New Deal | 399 |
| A. L. A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (1935) | 402 |
| Carter v. Carter Coal Company (1936) | 408 |
| National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation (1937) | 416 |
| Wickard v. Filburn (1942) | 423 |
| Modern Limitations on the Commerce Power | 425 |
| United States v. Lopez (1995) | 426 |
| United States v. Morrison (2000) | 431 |
| Regulating Commerce as a Federal Police Power | 436 |
| Champion v. Ames (1903) | 438 |
| Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964) | 442 |
| The Commerce Power of the States | 444 |
| Cooley v. Board of Wardens (1852) | 446 |
| Southern Pacific Company v. Arizona (1945) | 450 |
| Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission (1977) | 454 |
| Maine v. Taylor (1986) | 457 |
| Readings | 460 |
8. | The Power to Tax and Spend | 462 |
| The Constitutional Power to Tax and Spend | 462 |
| Direct Taxes and the Power to Tax Income | 463 |
| Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. (1895) | 466 |
| Taxation of Exports | 472 |
| United States v. United States Shoe Corporation (1998) | 472 |
| Intergovernmental Tax Immunity | 474 |
| South Carolina v. Baker (1988) | 476 |
| Davis v. Michigan Department of Treasury (1989) | 478 |
| Taxation as a Regulatory Power | 481 |
| McCray v. United States (1904) | 482 |
| Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. (1922) | 485 |
| Taxing and Spending for the General Welfare | 488 |
| United States v. Butler (1936) | 489 |
| Steward Machine Co. v. Davis (1937) | 494 |
| South Dakota v. Dole (1987) | 498 |
| Restrictions on the Revenue Powers of the States | 501 |
| Michelin Tire Corp. v. Wages (1976) | 502 |
| Complete Auto Transit v. Brady (1977) | 505 |
| Quill Corp. v. North Dakota (1992) | 507 |
| Oregon Waste Systems v. Department of Environmental Quality of the State of Oregon (1994) | 511 |
| Readings | 514 |
IV | Economic Liberties | |
| Economic Liberties and Individual Rights | 517 |
| Readings | 519 |
9. | The Contract Clause | 521 |
| The Framers and the Contract Clause | 521 |
| John Marshall and the Contract Clause | 523 |
| Fletcher v. Peck (1810) | 523 |
| Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) | 528 |
| Decline of the Contract Clause: From the Taney Court to the New Deal | 533 |
| Proprietors of Charles River Bridge v. Proprietors of Warren Bridge (1837) | 534 |
| Stone v. Mississippi (1880) | 539 |
| Home Building and Loan Association v. Blaisdell (1934) | 542 |
| Revitalization of the Contract Clause | 546 |
| United States Trust Co. v. New Jersey (1977) | 546 |
| Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus (1978) | 550 |
| Readings | 553 |
10. | Economic Substantive Due Process | 554 |
| The Development of Substantive Due Process | 557 |
| The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873) | 557 |
| Munn v. Illinois (1877) | 564 |
| Allgeyer v. Louisiana (1897) | 570 |
| The Roller Coaster Ride of Substantive Due Process: 1898-1923 | 572 |
| Lochner v. New York (1905) | 573 |
| Muller v. Oregon (1908) | 579 |
| The Heyday of Substantive Due Process: 1923-1936 | 585 |
| Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923) | 585 |
| The Depression, the New Deal, and the Decline of Substantive Due Process | 588 |
| Nebbia v. New York (1934) | 588 |
| West Coast Hotel v. Parrish (1937) | 593 |
| Williamson v. Lee Optical Company (1955) | 597 |
| Readings | 599 |
11. | The Takings Clause | 600 |
| Protecting Private Property from Government Seizure | 600 |
| What Constitutes a Taking? | 603 |
| United States v. Causby (1946) | 603 |
| Penn Central Transportation Company v. City of New York (1978) | 606 |
| Public Use Requirement | 610 |
| Berman v. Parker (1954) | 611 |
| Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff (1984) | 613 |
| Resurrecting the Takings Clause | 616 |
| Nollan v. California Coastal Commission (1987) | 618 |
| Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council (1992) | 621 |
| Dolan v. City of Tigard (1994) | 625 |
| Readings | 630 |
| Reference Material | |
| Constitution of the United States | 633 |
| Federalist Paper, No. 78 | 643 |
| Bush v. Gore (2000) | 647 |
| U.S. Presidents | 655 |
| Thumbnail Sketch of the Supreme Court's History | 657 |
| The Justices | 659 |
| Natural Courts | 665 |
| Supreme Court Calendar | 671 |
| Briefing Supreme Court Cases | 672 |
| Glossary | 674 |
| Subject Index | 679 |
| Case Index | 693 |
| Illustration Credits | 699 |