Table of Contents
Acknowledgement vii
Preface ix
Chapter 1 Assembly of Building 1
1.1 Development of Tall Buildings 1
1.2 Building Performance and System Integration 6
1.3 Cost, Quality and Time 8
1.4 Building Regulations and Control 10
1.5 Industrialisation 12
1.7 Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DfMA) 14
1.8 Sustainable Construction 15
1.8.1 Embodied energy 17
1.8.2 Green building materials 17
1.9 Robotics in Construction 20
1.10 Building Information Modelling (BIM) 22
References 26
Chapter 2 Safety and Health 29
2.1 General 29
2.2 Accident Prevention 29
2.3 Acts and Regulations 30
2.3.1 Risk management 32
2.3.2 Risk assessment 33
2.3.3 Design for safety 35
2.4 Construct for Safety 36
2.4.1 Falls of person 36
2.4.2 Falling objects 41
2.4.3 Confined space 43
2.4.4 Electrical installations 43
2.4.5 Excavation 46
2.4.6 Fire safety 49
2.4.7 Lifting operations 50
References 52
Chapter 3 Site Investigation 53
3.1 General 53
3.2 Information to be Retrieved 54
3.3 Stages of Site Investigation 54
3.4 Planning 55
3.5 Desk Study 56
3.6 Site Reconnaissance 57
3.7 Ground Investigation 58
3.7.1 Field tests 59
3.7.1.1 Subsurface mapping 59
3.7.1.2 Trial pitting 59
3.7.1.3 Boreholes 62
3.7.1.4 In situ testing 62
3.7.2 Laboratory tests 68
3.8 Site Works and Setting Out 75
References 75
Chapter 4 Foundation 77
4.1 General 77
4.2 Soil Characteristics 77
4.2.1 Bukit Timah granite 79
4.2.2 Jurong formation 79
4.2.3 Old Alluvium formation 79
4.2.4 Kallang formation 81
4.3 Foundation Systems 83
4.4 Shallow Foundation 86
4.5 Deep Foundation 88
4.5.1 Caisson 88
4.5.2 Piles 112
4.5.2.1 Displacement piles 114
4.5.2.1.1 Precast reinforced concrete piles 116
4.5.2.1.2 Steel preformed piles 118
4.5.2.1.3 Composite piles 118
4.5.2.1.4 Driven in situ/cast-in-place piles 122
4.5.2.2 Replacement pile 127
4.5.2.2.1 Bored pile 127
4.5.2.2.2 Barrette pile 141
4.6 Railway Protection Zones 144
4.7 Pile Load Tests 149
4.7.1 Static load tests 149
4.7.1.1 Compression load test 150
4.7.1.2 Uplift pile load test 153
4.7.2 Dynamic load tests 155
4.7.2.1 High-strain dynamic testing 155
4.7.2.2 Low-strain dynamic integrity testing 155
References 157
Chapter 5 Basement Construction 159
5.1 General 159
5.2 Supports for Excavation 159
5.2.1 Sheet pile wall 160
5.2.2 Diaphragm wall 165
5.2.3 Contiguous bored pile wall 172
5.2.4 Secant pile wall 174
5.3 Control of Groundwater 178
5.3.1 Pumping from sumps 180
5.3.2 Pumping by wells 182
5.3.3 Pumping by wellpoints 182
5.3.4 Jet grouting 182
5.3.5 Pressure relief valves 184
5.3.6 Recharge wells 185
5.4 Excavation of Basement 186
5.4.1 Open cut technique 186
5.4.2 Cut and cover technique 188
5.4.3 Top down technique 191
5.5 Soil Movement Monitoring 200
5.6 Shoring 210
5.7 Underpinning 215
References 222
Chapter 6 Materials Handling and Mechanisation 225
6.1 Materials Handling 225
6.1.1 Access considerations 225
6.1.2 Storage considerations 225
6.2 Mechanisation 228
6.2.1 Earthmoving 230
6.2.2 Horizontal and vertical movements 231
6.3 Erection of Tower Cranes 249
6.4 Erection of Climbing Cranes 249
6.5 Factors Affecting the Selection and Location of Tower Cranes 251
6.5.1 Selection criterion for tower cranes 251
6.5.2 Location criterion for tower cranes 255
6.6 Lifting Using Strand Jack 257
References 260
Chapter 7 Wall and Floor Construction 261
7.1 Structural Systems 261
7.2 M&E Systems 263
7.3 Steel Structures 265
7.3.1 Structural steel frame 265
7.3.2 Steel decking 265
7.4 Concrete Structures 267
7.4.1 Concrete admixtures 269
7.4.2 Batching plant 269
7.4.3 Ready-mixed concrete 269
7.5 Formwork 272
7.5.1 Lateral pressure of fresh concrete 272
7.5.2 Conventional formwork 274
7.5.2.1 Column form 274
7.5.2.2 Wall form 277
7.5.2.3 Slab form 279
7.5.3 System formwork 280
7.5.3.1 Core wall construction 280
7.5.3.1.1 Slipform 280
7.5.3.1.2 Jumpform 282
7.5.3.1.3 Climbing form 283
7.5.3.2 Floor construction 287
7.5.3.2.1 Flying form 287
7.5.3.2.2 Tunnel form 290
7.6 Scaffoldings 292
7.6.1 Independent tied scaffolds 292
7.6.2 Bintangor/bamboo scaffolds 295
7.6.3 Modular system scaffolds 296
7.6.4 Tubes and fitting scaffolds 296
7.6.5 Frame scaffolds 301
7.6.6 Brackets, peripheral overhead shelter, netting and ties 301
7.7 Precast Prefabricated Elements 305
7.7.1 Advantages of precast/prefabrication 305
7.7.2 Disadvantages of precast/prefabrication 307
7.7.3 Construction process 308
7.7.3.1 Tolerance 308
7.7.3.2 Handling, transportation and lifting 308
7.7.3.3 Storage 310
7.7.3.4 Assembly 312
7.8 Prestressed Elements 317
7.8.1 Advantages of prestressed concrete 318
7.8.2 Disadvantages of prestressed concrete 321
7.8.3 Pre-tensioning 321
7.8.4 Post-tensioning 322
7.8.5 On-site operation 322
References 326
Chapter 8 External Wall Construction 329
8.1 General 329
8.2 Types of External Walls 331
8.2.1 Mass wall 331
8.2.1.1 Masonry brickwall 331
8.2.1.2 Cast in situ RC walls 332
8.2.2 Barrier wall 333
8.2.2.1 Precast concrete panel 333
8.2.2.2 Glass reinforced polyester (GRP) 333
8.2.2.3 Glass reinforced concrete (GRC) 335
8.2.3 Rainscreen (cavity) wall 336
8.2.4 Curtain walling 336
8.2.4.1 Stick system 336
8.2.4.2 Unitised/panelised system 342
8.3 Water Penetration 346
Reference 350
Chapter 9 Roof Construction 351
9.1 General 351
9.2 Flat Roofs 351
9.2.1 Flat roof deck 355
9.2.2 Installation process 358
9.2.3 Drainage and durability 358
9.2.4 Thermal properties 361
9.3 Pitched Roofs 362
9.4 Curved Roofs 362
9.5 Structural Form of Roofs 362
9.5.1 Beams and slabs 362
9.5.2 Truss and girder 363
9.5.3 Space frames 372
9.5.4 Shell roofs 376
9.5.5 Cable supported roofs 382
9.5.6 Inflated membrane roofs 384
9.6 Glass Roofs 387
References 394
Index 395
