| Preface | vii |
| About the ACFE | x |
1. | Introduction | 1 |
| Defining Occupational Fraud and Abuse | 1 |
| Research in Occupational Fraud and Abuse | 5 |
| The 2004 Report to the Nation on Occupational Fraud and Abuse | 24 |
Part I | Asset Misappropriations | |
2. | Introduction to Asset Misappropriations | 51 |
| Overview | 51 |
| Definition of Assets | 51 |
| How Asset Misappropriations Affect Books of Account | 52 |
3. | Skimming | 63 |
| Case Study: Shy Doc Gave Good Face | 63 |
| Overview | 67 |
| Skimming Data from ACFE 2004 National Fraud Survey | 67 |
| Unrecorded Sales | 73 |
| Understated Sales and Receivables | 77 |
| Theft of Checks through the Mail | 78 |
| Case Study: Beverage Man Takes a Plunge | 80 |
| Short-term Skimming | 83 |
| Converting Stolen Checks | 84 |
| Concealing the Fraud | 87 |
| Detection | 92 |
| Prevention | 93 |
4. | Cash Larceny | 97 |
| Case Study: Bank Teller Gets Nabbed for Theft | 97 |
| Overview | 100 |
| Cash Larceny Data from ACFE 2004 National Fraud Survey | 100 |
| Incoming Cash | 105 |
| Cash Larceny from the Deposit | 110 |
| Case Study: The Ol'Fake Surprise Audit Gets 'em Every Time | 113 |
| Miscellaneous Larceny Schemes | 115 |
| Detection | 115 |
| Prevention | 117 |
5. | Check Tampering | 119 |
| Case Study: A Wolf in Sheep's Clothing | 119 |
| Overview | 122 |
| Check Tampering Data from ACFE 2004 National Fraud Survey | 122 |
| Forged Maker Schemes | 128 |
| Intercepted Checks | 133 |
| Forged Endorsement Schemes | 133 |
| Altered Payee Schemes | 137 |
| Concealed Check Schemes | 140 |
| Authorized Maker Schemes | 141 |
| Concealment | 144 |
| Case Study: What Are Friends For? | 146 |
| Detection | 152 |
| Prevention | 153 |
6. | Register Disbursement Schemes | 157 |
| Case Study: Demotion Sets Fraud in Motion | 157 |
| Overview | 160 |
| Register Disbursement Data from ACFE 2004 National Fraud Survey | 160 |
| False Refunds | 165 |
| Case Study: A Silent Crime | 167 |
| False Voids | 170 |
| Concealing Register Disbursements | 172 |
| Detection | 173 |
| Prevention | 174 |
7. | Billing Schemes | 175 |
| Case Study: Medical School Treats Fraud and Abuse | 175 |
| Overview | 179 |
| Billing Scheme Data from ACFE 2004 National Fraud Survey | 179 |
| Cash-Generating Schemes | 184 |
| Invoicing via Shell Companies | 184 |
| Invoicing via Nonaccomplice Vendors | 189 |
| Case Study: For This Magazine, Internal Fraud Proved Hard to Digest | 190 |
| Personal Purchases with Company Funds | 194 |
| Detection | 200 |
| Prevention | 201 |
8. | Payroll and Expense Reimbursement Schemes | 203 |
| Case Study: Say Cheese! | 203 |
| Overview | 206 |
| Payroll Scheme Data from ACFE 2004 National Fraud Survey | 206 |
| Expense Reimbursement Schemes | 222 |
| Case Study: Frequent Flier's Fraud Crashes | 222 |
| Expense Reimbursement Data from ACFE 2004 National Fraud Survey | 225 |
| Detection of Payroll Schemes | 236 |
| Detection of Expense Reimbursement Schemes | 237 |
| Prevention of Payroll Schemes | 238 |
| Prevention of Expense Reimbursement Schemes | 240 |
9. | Inventory and Other Assets | 241 |
| Case Study: Chipping Away at High-Tech Theft | 241 |
| Overview: Non-Cash Misappropriation Data from ACFE 2004 National Fraud Survey | 244 |
| Misuse of Inventory and Other Assets | 250 |
| Theft of Inventory and Other Assets | 251 |
| Case Study: Hard Drives and Bad Luck | 258 |
| Concealment | 263 |
| Detection | 265 |
| Prevention | 269 |
Part II | Bribery and Corruption | |
10. | Bribery | 273 |
| Case Study: Why Is This Furniture Falling Apart? | 273 |
| Overview | 276 |
| Corruption Data from ACFE 2004 National Fraud Survey | 280 |
| Bribery Schemes | 285 |
| Case Study: Keep Your Eye on the Salesman? | 295 |
| Something of Value | 298 |
| Economic Extortion | 299 |
| Illegal Gratuities | 299 |
| Detection | 299 |
| Prevention | 302 |
11. | Conflicts of Interest | 305 |
| Case Study: Working Double Duty | 305 |
| Overview | 309 |
| Purchase Schemes | 310 |
| Sales Schemes | 312 |
| Other Schemes | 313 |
| Case Study: A Parasite Farm | 314 |
| Detection | 316 |
| Prevention | 317 |
Part III | Fraudulent Statements | |
12. | Fraudulent Statements | 321 |
| Introduction | 321 |
| Fraud in Financial Statements | 325 |
| Major Generally Accepted Accounting Principles | 328 |
| Responsibility for Financial Statements | 332 |
| Users of Financial Statements | 332 |
| Types of Financial Statements | 333 |
| The Sarbanes-Oxley Act | 334 |
| Financial Statement Fraud Data from ACFE 2004 National Fraud Survey | 345 |
13. | Fraudulent Financial Statement Schemes | 353 |
| Case Study: That Way Lies Madness | 353 |
| Methods of Financial Statement Fraud | 359 |
| Fictitious Revenues | 359 |
| Timing Differences | 362 |
| Case Study: The Importance of Timing | 367 |
| Concealed Liabilities and Expenses | 368 |
| Improper Disclosures | 371 |
| Improper Asset Valuation | 373 |
| Detection of Fraudulent Financial Statement Schemes | 378 |
| Prevention of Financial Statement Fraud | 395 |
| Case Study: All on the Surface | 397 |
14. | Occupational Fraud and Abuse: The Big Picture | 401 |
| Defining Abusive Conduct | 401 |
| Measuring the Level of Occupational Fraud and Abuse | 402 |
| Understanding Fraud Deterrence | 405 |
| The Corporate Sentencing Guidelines | 409 |
| The Ethical Connection | 411 |
| Concluding Thoughts | 412 |
Appendix | Code of Business Ethics and Conduct | 415 |
| Bibliography | 427 |
| Index | 435 |