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An accessible resource to help those in organisational settings ensure that they have taken all possible steps to safeguard the children and young people they are responsible for.
About the Contributors xi
Preface xv
Creating Safer Organisations – An Overview 1
Marcus Erooga
1 Understanding and Responding to People Who Sexually Abuse Children Whilst Employed In Positions of Trust: An Overview of the Relevant Literature – Part One: Offenders 7
Marcus Erooga
People Who Sexually Abuse Children in Organisational Positions of Trust – a definition 7
How Prevalent are Sexual Offences Committed Against Children in Professional or Workplace Settings? 8
Characteristics and Behaviour of People Who Sexually Abuse Children in Organisational Positions of Trust 8
Findings From a Study of Residents in a Specialist Treatment Setting Who had Sexually Abused Children Whilst in Organisational Positions of Trust 9
Grooming 11
Use of the Internet 14
Motivations to Sexually Abuse 15
Thought Processes and Cognitive Distortions 18
Female Sexual Abusers 20
Conclusions 22
2 Understanding and Responding to People Who Sexually Abuse Children Whilst Employed In Positions of Trust: An Overview of the Relevant Literature – Part Two: Organisations 27
Marcus Erooga
Characteristics of ‘Vulnerable Organisations’ – the Importance of the Organisational Environment in Preventing Abuse 27
Corruption of Care 28
Models of Authority 33
Characteristics of Sexual Abuse in Specific Organisational Settings 34
Motivations to Abuse 38
Developing Preventative Strategies 39
3 Policy and Legislation – Changing Responses to an Emerging Problem 44
Kerry Cleary and Marcus Erooga
General Organisational Legal Responsibilities 45
Child care Focussed Policy and Legislation 45
Department for Children, Schools and Families List 99 47
Protection of Children Act (PoCA) List 48
Disqualification Orders and Regulated Positions (replaced by the Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act, 2006) 48
Sex Offender Register Notification Arrangements 49
Criminal Records Checks 49
Shortcomings of These Arrangements 50
The Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act, 2006 (England, Wales and Northern Ireland) 50
The Protection of Vulnerable Groups (Scotland) Act 2007 53
Strengths and Limitations of Legislation and Regulation 54
What Do Developments in Legislation and Regulation Indicate About Desirable Cultures for Organisational Safeguarding by Government Organisations and Individuals? 58
A Model 59
How Should Legislation and Regulation Support the Development of Safer Organisational Cultures? 60
4 Sexual Abuse of Children By People In Organisations: What Offenders Can Teach Us About Protection 63
Marcus Erooga, Debra Allnock and Paula Telford
Introduction 63
Methodology 64
The Sample 65
Findings 68
Organisational Facilitating Factors 68
Individual Facilitating Factors 73
Discussion 79
Situational Crime Prevention as a Response 81
Conclusion and Recommendations 82
5 Manipulation Styles of Abusers Who Work With Children 85
Joe Sullivan and Ethel Quayle
Introduction 85
Demographic Profile and Offending Patterns of Professional Perpetrators 86
Psychometric Comparisons with Intra- and Extra-Familial Child Abusers 86
Rationale for a Qualitative Methodology 87
Motivation to Sexually Offend 87
Victim Selection, Grooming and Abuse 89
Manipulation Styles 90
Conclusions 95
Multi Disciplinary Issues 97
Future Directions 97
6 Organisational Issues and New Technologies 99
Ethel Quayle
An Evolving Issue 99
Technology In the Workplace 100
Abusive Images 102
Sexting 104
Grooming 104
Stalking 105
Adult Pornography 105
Misuse of Social Media 105
The Individual and Organisational Abuse 106
Situational Factors and Technology Mediated Organisational Abuse 108
Guidelines on Child Protection Policies and Procedure In Relation to Technology 113
Conclusion 116
7 Safer Recruitment – Guidance for Organisations 122
Kerry Cleary
Introduction 122
Doing the Basic Things Well 123
Importance of Values and Emotional Intelligence 124
Safer Recruitment Within a Safeguarding Culture 126
A Model of Safer Recruitment – PICK 127
P – Plan 127
I – Identify 130
C–Check 134
K is for Keep 136
The Basics Are Necessary But Not Sufficient 137
Appendix 1 Safer Recruitment Checklist 138
8 Prevention Is Better Than Cure: The Value of Situational Prevention In Organisations 140
Keith L. Kaufman, Hayley Tews, Jessica M. Schuett, and Benjamin R. Kaufman
A Foundation for Prevention in Organisations and Institutions 141
Rational Choice Theory 141
Routine Activity Theory 143
Defensible Space Theory 144
Applying the Situational Prevention Model to Child Sexual Abuse 146
A Structured Approach to Applying the Situational Prevention Model with Community Organisations and Institutions 150
The Situational Prevention Model Approach to Assessing Local Organisational Settings 151
Identifying Common Risks Across National Organisations and Institutions 161
Situational Prevention Model Children’s Hospital Consultation – a Case Study 163
The Boys & Girls Club Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Self-Assessment Initiative 164
Conclusions 166
9 Avoiding and Managing Allegations Against Staff 170
Jo Green
Introduction 170
The Incidence of Allegations 171
Behaviour That Gives Rise to Allegations 173
Procedural Fairness Within a Precautionary Approach 174
Characteristics of a Safe Organisation 186
Index 188
Overview
An accessible resource to help those in organisational settings ensure that they have taken all possible steps to safeguard the children and young people they are responsible for.