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More About This Textbook
Overview
Criminal Interrogation and Confessions, Fifth Edition presents the Reid Technique of interviewing and interrogation and is the standard used in the field. This updated Fifth Edition presents interviewing and interrogation techniques, based on actual criminal cases, which have been used successfully by thousands of criminal investigators. This practical text is built around simple psychological principles and examines interrogation as a nine-step process that is easily understood by the reader.
New and Key Features of the updated Fifth Edition:
• The text contains updated photographs throughout to illustrate behavior symptoms; the proper room setting and positioning; as well as the placement of electronic recording equipment.
• Every chapter of the text includes updated information.
• Chapter 9 (Behavior Symptom Analysis) contains new research that has been conducted on the efficacy of behavior symptom analysis, as well as building for the reader the behavioral model of the truthful individual versus the subject who is withholding or fabricating relevant information.
• Chapters 7 through 12 discuss in detail how to build the investigative interview, including the proper use of both investigative and behavior provoking questions, as well as guidelines for evaluating the credibility of allegations, and the proper use of follow-up and bait questions.
• Chapter 15 (Distinguishing between True and False Confessions) has been updated to include new cases throughout and contains two new sections; "The Issue of False Confessions in the Courtroom – The Testimony of Expert Witnesses" and “The Issue of False Confessions in the Courtroom – Court Decisions”.
• Chapter 17 discusses all of the legal issues related to interrogation and confession law, including Miranda, the meaning of custody, the use of threats and/or promises, the use of deception, and confession voluntariness. The chapter contains update legal references including 2011 court decisions.
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Table of Contents
Preface vii
Introduction xi
Part 1 Preliminary Considerations 1
Chapter 1 Distinctions Between Interviews and Interrogations 3
Characteristics of an Interview 3
Characteristics of an Interrogation 5
Benefits of Conducting an Interview Before an Interrogation 6
Conclusion 7
Chapter 2 Obtaining and Evaluating Factual Information 9
Developing the Case Facts 9
Conclusion 18
Chapter 3 Case Solution Possibilities 21
Evaluating Possible Motives 22
Evaluating Characteristics of the Crime 24
Conclusion 32
Chapter 4 Initial Precautionary Measures for the Protection of the Innocent 35
Eyewitness Identifications and Motivations for False Accusations 35
Repressed Memories 37
Intent Issues 39
Circumstantial Evidence 40
Chapter 5 Privacy and the Interview Room 43
Privacy 43
Minimize Reminders of Consequences 45
Suggestions for Setting Up the Interview Room 46
Chapter 6 Qualifications, Attitude, and General Conduct of the Investigator 55
Interviewer Qualifications 56
Initial Interview Procedures 57
Investigator Demeanor During an Interview 57
Interviewing Approaches for Difficult Suspects 62
Interrogator Qualifications 64
Investigator Conduct During an Interrogation 65
Conclusion 69
Part 2 Interviewing Techniques 71
Chapter 7 Preparation and Starting the Interview 73
Formal Versus Informal Interviews 73
Arranging the Formal Interview 74
Preparing for the Interview 76
Establishing Rapport 77
The Use of an Introductory Statement 78
Conclusion 82
Chapter 8 Formulating Interview Questions 85
Asking an Initial Open Question 86
Asking Direct Questions 93
Asking Follow-Up Questions 97
Conclusion 99
Chapter 9 Behavior Symptom Analysis 101
Overview 101
Underlying Principles of Behavior Symptom Analysis 104
Evaluating the Subject's Attitudes 108
Evaluation of Verbal Behavior 111
Evaluation of Paralinguistic Behavior 117
Evaluation of Nonverbal Behavior 121
Chapter 10 Precautions when Evaluating Behavior Symptoms of Truthful and Untruthful Subjects 139
Initial Assessment of the Subject 139
Behaviors Common to Both Truthful and Deceptive Subjects 142
Factors That May Lead to Misinterpretation of Behavior Symptoms 144
Conclusion 152
Chapter 11 The Behavior Analysis Interview 153
Introduction 153
The Behavior Analysis Interview 154
Response Models for Behavior-Provoking Questions 155
Actual Case Presentation 163
Analysing the Suspect's Responses 167
Chapter 12 The Use of Specialized Questioning Techniques 171
The Use of the Baiting Technique 171
Other Specialized Questioning Techniques 176
Part 3 Interrogation Techniques 183
Chapter 13 The Reid Nine Steps of Interrogation® 185
General Classification of Offenders 185
Brief Analysis of the Nine Steps of Interrogation 187
Preliminary Preparations for Applying the Nine Steps 191
Step 1-Direct, Positive Confrontation 192
Step 2-Theme Development 202
Step 3-Handling Details 255
Step 4-Overcoming Objections 276
Step 5-Procurement and Retention of a Suspect's Attention 281
Step 6-Handling the Suspect's Passive Mood 287
Step 7-Presenting an Alternative Question 293
Step 8-Having the Suspect Orally Relate Various Details of the Offense 303
Step 9-Converting an Oral Confession into a Written Confession 310
Chapter 14 Recommendations for Interrogators 329
The Exercise of Patience and Persistence 329
Interrogation of Witnesses and Other Prospective Informants 333
Chapter 15 Distinguishing Between True and False Confessions 339
Categories of False Confessions 340
Confession Voluntariness 343
Confession Treastwarthiness 348
Confession Combination 354
Interrogation Research 362
Conclusion 366
The Issue of False Confessions in the Courtroom-The Testimony of Expert Witnesses 367
The Issue of False Confessions in the Courtroom-Court Decisions 370
Chapter 16 Testifying on a Confession 379
Testimony Preparation 380
The Court's View of the Witness 382
The Witness's Behavioral Responses to Questions 385
Direct Testimony 390
Cross-Examination 393
Conclusion 397
Chapter 17 Interrogation and Confession Law 399
Introduction 399
Constitutional Rights 400
Permissible Interrogation Techniques 415
Summary 430
Appendix A The Behavior Analysis Interview in a Homicide Case 443
Index 451