Crusoe: Daniel Defoe, Robert Knox, and the Creation of a Myth

Overview

January 1719. A man sits at a table, writing. Nearly sixty,Daniel Defoe is troubled with gout and mired in political controversy and legal threats. But for the moment he is preoccupied by a younger man on a barren shore—Robinson Crusoe.

Several miles south, another old man, Robert Knox, sits bent over a heavy volume—published nearly forty years before.Knox’s Historical Relation was a best seller when it was published in 1681, just a year after ...

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Crusoe: Daniel Defoe, Robert Knox, and the Creation of a Myth

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Overview

January 1719. A man sits at a table, writing. Nearly sixty,Daniel Defoe is troubled with gout and mired in political controversy and legal threats. But for the moment he is preoccupied by a younger man on a barren shore—Robinson Crusoe.

Several miles south, another old man, Robert Knox, sits bent over a heavy volume—published nearly forty years before.Knox’s Historical Relation was a best seller when it was published in 1681, just a year after he escaped from Ceylon and returned to England.

Where did Crusoe come from? And what is the secret of his endurance? Crusoe explores the intertwined lives of two real men, Daniel Defoe and Robert Knox, and the character and book that emerged from their peculiar conjunction. It is the biography of a book and its hero: the story of Defoe, the man who wrote Robinson Crusoe, and of Robert Knox, the man who was Crusoe.

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Editorial Reviews

Publishers Weekly
While authors such as Tim Severin have made the case for various models for Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe, Frank’s well-researched if overly detailed account makes the case that his primary model was real-life voyager Robert Knox, who was detained in Ceylon beginning in 1659, the year that saw Crusoe cast away. This is no coincidence. Although Robinson Crusoe was billed as “Written by Himself,” Frank says this ruse represents one more effort by the prolific inventor of the English novel to distance himself from the source of his invention of this most enduring myth of English fortitude and adaptability. Indeed, it is virtually certain that by the time the crafty Defoe published his lesser-known Captain Singleton, writes Frank, he was quite familiar with all the events of Knox’s unpublished autobiography, not to mention the sailor’s (later sea captain’s) 1681 bestselling An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon. Once it was generally ascertained that Defoe was the author of Crusoe, there was no rush to enlighten the public that, unlike Knox, Defoe may not have journeyed at all. Despite its intrinsic interest, however, Frank’s account is tedious and scattershot in drawing connections between her two protagonists. 12 pages of illus. and maps. Agent: David Godwin (U.K.) (Apr.)
The Independent
The book captures the vigor, toughness, cruelty, romance and excitement of late 17th century England and its early imperial adventures.
Library Journal
Daniel Defoe was a pioneer of the novel, writing his first one, Robinson Crusoe (1719), when he was about 60. What inspired that story, which, like Defoe's other major fiction, has remained in print for almost 300 years? Frank (A Voyager Out: A Life of Mary Kingsley) alternately explores Defoe's creation of Robinson Crusoe and the life of East India Company sea captain Robert Knox, who, decades before Defoe's novel, was taken prisoner on the island of Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka) and remained captive for 20 years. The story of Knox's imprisonment, based on his own chronicle printed in 1681, is enthralling, while that of the enterprising and prolific Defoe is equally moving. Robinson Crusoe is the minor player here; what Frank is after is not simply to claim Knox's experiences as Defoe's inspiration (many see Alexander Selkirk as the source) but to bring back to us the long lives of these two compelling figures, who probably never met, demonstrating the far remove of the era and the astonishing modernity of Defoe's mind. VERDICT Defoe aficionados will enjoy the chance to argue about Crusoe's sources; serious general readers and those who love breathing the air of earlier times will be stirred by this double study.—Margaret Heilbrun, Library Journal
Library Journal
A man approaching age 60, an indefatigable writer of essays and polemics, tries his hand at fiction. He is Daniel Defoe in 1719. The book: Robinson Crusoe. Frank alternately explores Defoe’s life of astonishing intellectual activity and that of East India Company sea captain Robert Knox, who, decades before Defoe’s novel, was taken prisoner on the island of Ceylon where he remained for over 20 years before escaping and writing of it. These two men’s journeys will capture you. (LJ 2/15/12)—Margaret Heilbrun

(c) Copyright 2011. Library Journals LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Media Source, Inc. No redistribution permitted.

Kirkus Reviews
Alexander Selkirk's ordeal as a castaway may have seeded the plot for Robinson Crusoe, but Daniel Defoe's tale is a clear reflection of his own life's struggles. At the end of his life, Defoe labeled Crusoe more of an allegory than a novel, implying a good degree of autobiography at the same time. Biographer Frank (Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi, 2002) introduces Robert Knox, once a true captive, who survived on his wits and the English practice of making your environment adapt to your needs rather than adjusting to it. Defoe mined information from a vast library, including The Odyssey, The Tempest, Pilgrim's Progress and an extensive number of published accounts of castaways. As Defoe cherry-picked incidents from different lives, he adapted them to reflect disasters he had suffered. He also had no compunction about fitting other stories neatly into his own. His Captain Singleton contained blatantly lifted passages from Knox's published story of his 19-year captivity in Ceylon. Frank parallels the lives and adventures of Defoe, Knox and Crusoe, illustrating a deep relationship between author and models. This side-by-side biography of the two men shows similarities between their lives and their attitudes toward disaster, although their personalities and moralities were markedly different. Many have said that Crusoe is much more a self-help book than a novel, while Knox's story is a treatise rather than a travel book. They both exhibit a similarly distinct philosophy of life. Defoe proselytizes on morals, lessons and their meanings while encouraging his readers to turn the challenges of adversity into advantage. Knox teaches by example. Frank wisely leaves the minutia of spotting duplication in their works to Defoe scholars while she focuses on the values and beliefs of the two men. Knox came out to be the better of the two, and his little-known story deserves reading.
The Washington Post
“An unconventional, surprising and thoughtful book. Knox and Defoe never met, but their entwined stories of imprisonment give a fascinating glimpse of a world stirring into modernity. Extraordinary.”
The Wall Street Journal
“In Crusoe, Katherine Frank explores the intertwined lives of Defoe and Knox, arguing that Knox was the main model for Robinson Crusoe.”
The New York Times Book Review
“An ambitious new book about Robinson Crusoe, Daniel Defoe, and the obscure Englishman who might have been a significant inspiration for one of literature’s most famous characters. Frank’s analysis is supple and sophisticated—and convincing.”
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Product Details

  • ISBN-13: 9781605983349
  • Publisher: Pegasus
  • Publication date: 4/1/2012
  • Pages: 368
  • Sales rank: 937,730
  • Product dimensions: 6.20 (w) x 9.30 (h) x 1.20 (d)

Meet the Author

Born and educated in America, Katherine Frank is the author of several acclaimed biographies—of Emily Brontë, Mary Kingsley, and Indira Gandhi. She lives in England.
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Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Two Writing Men 1

Chapter 2 Crusoe's Secret 11

Chapter 3 'Captivated' 32

Chapter 4 Shipwrecked by Land 58

Chapter 5 'Having But Little and Wanting Lesse' 84

Chapter 6 Escape 113

Chapter 7 Another Escape 134

Chapter 8 Stranger, Author, Captain 167

Chapter 9 Captain Knox Recaptivated 192

Chapter 10 St Helena 213

Chapter 11 Captain Knox and Captain Singleton 233

Chapter 12 Ancient Mariners 253

Epilogue 287

List of Illustrations and Maps 298

Select Bibliography 300

Notes 307

Acknowledgements 329

Index 331

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