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More About This Textbook
Overview
In 1626, A Young Man named Fei Shangyou moved his family to Menghe, a small town in the Yangzi delta of China. According to family legend, he abandoned his career as a scholar and began working as a physician. In doing so, he founded a medical lineage that continues to the present day. This book describes the development, flourishing, and decline of this lineage and its many branches, as well as that of the other medical lineages and families with which it merged over time to form the "current of Menghe learning" (Menghe xuepai $$).
This current and its offshoots produced some of the most influential physicians in the Chinese medical tradition during the 19th and 20th centuries. Menghe physicians, their disciples and students treated emperors, imperial mandarins, Nationalist Party generals, leading figures in the Communist Party, affluent businessmen, and influential artists.
In late imperial China, Menghe medicine was a self-conscious attempt to unite diverse strands of medical learning into one integrated tradition centered on ancient principles of practice. In Republican Shanghai, Menghe physicians and their students were at the forefront of medical modernization, establishing schools, professional associations, and journals that became models for others to follow. During the 1950s and 1960s, the heirs of Menghe medicine were key players in creating the institutional framework for contemporary Chinese medicine. Their students are now practicing all over the world, shaping Chinese medicine in Los Angeles, New York, Oxford, Mallorca, and Berlin.
The history of the Menghe current is relevant to anyone interested in the development of Chinese medicine in late imperial andmodern China. This book traces Chinese medical history along the currents created by generations of physicians linked to each other by a shared heritage of learning, by descent and kinship, by sentiments of native place as well as nationalist fervor, by personal rivalries and economic competition, by the struggle for the survival of tradition and glorious visions of a new global medicine.
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Table of Contents
List of Figures, Tables & Timelines xi
Foreword xv
Acknowledgements xix
Introduction Chinese Medicine and the Problem of Tradition 1
Tradition in the Western Imagination 5
Dynamic Traditions 8
Studying Living Traditions 10
Currents of Learning 11
Plan of the Book 13
Terminology, Names, and Appendices 15
Part I Late Imperial China Family, Lineage, & Social Networks 17
1 Economy and Society in Late Imperial China 19
Changzhou, Wujin, and Menghe: A Brief History 21
Jiangnan Economy, Society, and Culture 27
Jiangnan Lineages and Social Networks 28
2 The Scholarly Medical Tradition in Late Imperial China 33
Setting the Stage: Classical Medicine before the Song 35
Spreading Imperial Benevolence 37
Scholar Physicians 40
Scholarly Medicine and the Politics of Identity 41
Scholarly Medicine in the Ming and Qing 45
The Retreat into Orthodoxy 47
Individual Virtuosity and Innovation 49
The Field of Medicine at the End of the Qing 52
Elite Medicine in Wujin County 54
3 The Origins of Menghe Medicine 59
Beginnings 63
Consolidation 69
Flourishing 71
The Sha Family 76
The Ma Family 78
Supralocal Networks 82
4 The Flourishing of Menghe Medicine 85
Fei Boxiong $$ (1800-1879) 86
Ma Peizhi $$ (1820-1903) 94
The Chao Lineage 99
Hegemonic Networks and Strategies of Dominance 100
The Ideal and the Real in the Field of Medical Practice 105
Hierarchy, Reputation, and the Struggle to Become a Physician 109
Individuals, Families, and Lineages: Competition and Cooperation 111
5 The Eastward Spread of Menghe Medicine 115
The Fei: Keeping It (Almost) in the Family 118
The Ma: Discipleship and Local Networks134
The Yu Family 143
The Chao Family 148
From Lineage to Network 151
6 Fei Boxiong and the Development of the Menghe Medical Style 153
Style and Virtuosity in Chinese Medicine 153
The Roots of the Menghe Medical Style 155
Searching for Authenticity: Fei Boxiong's Medicine of the Refined 158
Authenticity in Practice 162
The Menghe Medical Style 167
From Personal Style to Local Medicine 170
Part II Republican China Native Place, National Essence, and Divergent Modernities 173
7 Chinese Medicine in Shanghai at the Dawn of the Modern Era 175
Family Traditions, Medical Currents, and Sojourning Physicians in Shanghai 178
The Social Organization of Chinese Medicine in Shanghai 182
Native Place, Identity, and Modernization 184
8 The Modernization of Chinese Medicine in Republican China 189
The Cause for Modernization 189
Institutional Modernization and its Relation to the Past 193
Creating a National Medicine 199
Connecting Chinese Medicine to Science and Modernity 202
Personal Views on Medical Modernization: Four Biographies 208
Genealogies of People and of Ideas 219
9 Ding Ganren and the Birth of the Menghe Current 223
Beginnings: 1820-1890 225
Early Years in Shanghai: 1890-1905 227
Famous Physician, Businessman, and Teacher: 1905-1916 230
Medical Modernization and the Politics of Guanxi: Establishing the Shanghai College of Chinese Medicine 233
From Benevolent Societies to Chinese Medical Hospitals 239
The Invention of the Menghe Medical Current 242
Opening Up a New Medical Current 244
The Politics of Association 248
10 Ding Family Medicine after Ding Ganren 249
Ding Zhongying $$ (1886-1978) 251
Ding Jiwan $$ (1903-1963) 257
Ding Jingyuan $$ (1930-1995) 263
From Global Networks to a Global Medicine 264
Ding Jihua $$ (1909-1964) 266
Ding Jimin $$ (1912-1979) 268
Ding Ji'nan $$ (1913-2000) 271
The End of Menghe Medicine? 274
11 Continuity and Difference within Ding Family Medicine 277
The Medicine of Ding Ganren 278
Ding Family Styles of Prescribing: Four Case Studies 283
Abandoning Family Tradition: The Medicine of Ding Ji'nan 288
Wind Is the Father of the Myriad Diseases 290
Ding Family Medicine and the Scholarly Medical Tradition 293
Part III Contemporary China Inheriting, Remembering, and Reconfiguring Tradition in a Modern State 295
12 The Institutionalization of Chinese Medicine and its Discontents 297
Difficult Beginnings: 1949-1953 300
Establishing an Institutional Infrastructure for Traditional Chinese Medicine: 1954-1966 303
Interruptions: The Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976 311
Continuities: Chinese Medicine in the Post-Maoist Period, 1977-1989 313
The Politics of Guanxi 315
Toward the Present: 1989 and Beyond 317
13 Inheriting Tradition, Developing Medicine, and Cultivating the Self 319
Cheng Menxue $$: Modernizing Tradition without Surrendering to the Modern 321
Qin Bowei $$: Reform through Education 328
Zhang Cigong $$: A Revolutionary Rooted in Tradition 340
14 Wujin Medicine Remembered 357
How the Menghe Current Came to Define Wujin Medicine 360
How Wu Family Medicine Was Forgotten 364
How the Qian Family Current Was (Almost) Deleted from History 367
Why Xie Guan $$ Is Famous but Not Remembered How He Wanted to Be 377
Tradition and the Labor of Social Memory 384
Epilogue Currents of Tradition Revisited 389
Appendix 1
Part 1 List of Names 397
Part 2 List of Place Names 404
Appendix 2
Table A2.1 Disciples of Fei Boxiong and Fei Shengfu 405-406
Table A2.2 Disciples of Ma Peizhi 407
Table A2.3 Disciples of the Chao Family 410
Table A2.4 Important Disciples of Ding Ganren 411
Appendix 3
Table A3.1 Physicians from Menghe and Wujin County Who Practiced in Shanghai 413
Notes 419
Bibliography 483
Index 525