Discovering Arguments: An Introduction to Critical Thinking, Writing, and Style / Edition 4

by William Palmer

Overview

The argument rhetoric/reader that emphasizes style throughout.

Presenting a holistic view of content and style, this argument rhetoric, reader, and research guide helps students analyze and evaluate what they read, argue persuasively, and communicate more clearly than they ever have before. Students discover, internalize and apply at increasing levels of sophistication the impact of persuasive appeals (logos, pathos and ethos), the principles of critical thinking and the hallmarks of effective style through more than 200 embedded, guided activities directed at their own papers.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780205834457
Publisher:	Pearson Education
Publication date:	01/10/2011
Edition description:	New Edition
Pages:	576
Product dimensions:	6.90(w) x 9.20(h) x 0.80(d)

Table of Contents

Preface

Chapter 1: Communication and Persuasion: Logos, Pathos, Ethos

Attention, Arguing, and Inquiry

What are arguments?

The process of inquiry

The paradigm shift

Communicating Clearly and Effectively

Sascha Redetsky, Don’t Judge Me by My Tights

Convincing Reasons and Evidence

Brian A. Courtney,Freedom from Choice

Writing Assignment: Personal Argument Essay

Finding your subject: Your writing situation

Two strategies for finding topics

Freewriting

Mapping

Rhetoric and Rhetorical Situation

Rhetorical situation

Kairos

Writing Persuasively

The Persuasive Appeals

Logos

Recognizing logos

S. I. Hayakawa, On Human Survivall

Noticing Overgeneralizations

Pathos

Recognizing pathos

Julia Kraus, If I Told You, Would You Want to Hear?

Humor as pathos

Ethos

Recognizing ethos

Elisabeth Bletsch, Will Part of You Be Left Behind?

Thesis Statements

Evaluating your thesis statement

Engaging Your Audience: Titles, Introductions, Conclusions

Features of good titles

Title strategies

Titles to avoid

Features of good introductions

Introductory strategies

Introductions to avoid

Features of good conclusions

Concluding strategies

Conclusions to avoid

Actively Reading An Essay

Sarah Krumrie, No, I Heard You–I Just Don’t Think It’s Funny

Margo Brines, Forgo the Major Dilemma

Sharing and Evaluating Essays

A Note on Defining Grammar, Mechanics, and Usage

A Critical Thinker’s Guide for Evaluating Writing

Interchapter 1: Style and Voice

Diction

Monosyllabic words

Multisyllabic words

Pretentious writing

Other Features of Diction

Specific or general

Concrete or abstract

Literal or figurative

Literal language

Figurative language

Avoid clichés

Precise words

Watch Out for Things

Voice

Tone

Analyzing attitude toward audience

Analyzing attitude toward subject

Sentence Tools

Simple sentences

Joining complete thoughts: coordination

Using semicolons to join complete thoughts

Using semicolons with formal transition words

Using Semicolons in a Complex Series

Solving Two Common Sentence Problems

Comma splices

Run-on sentences

Chapter 2: Strategies of Argumentation

Using Examples, Authorities, and Statistics

Examples and Illustrations

Writing Assignment: Illustration

Using Authorities

Using Statistics

Using Contraries

Using contradictions and paradoxes

Contradictions

Writing Assignment: Contradiction

Paradoxes

Paradox and tolerance for ambiguity

Either/or thinking

Writing Assignment: Paradox

The wisdom of contraries

Using Comparison

Organizing comparison: block and alternate patterns

Writing Assignment: Comparison

Using Refutation

Writing Assignment: Refutation

Using Induction and Deduction

Induction

Deduction

Using Narration and Description

Narration

Description

Using Analogy

Explaining the mind

Using Classification

Writing Assignment: Classification

Using Cause and Effect

Writing Assignment: Cause and Effect

Using Analogy

Explaining the Mind

Writing Assignment: Analogy

Using Humor

Humorous tone

Using Definition

Digging for roots of words

Writing Assignment: Definition Essay

Writing Assignment: Exploring an Essay

Exploring an Essay

Ashley Yuill, Choose Wisely

David Gessner, A Feeling of Wildness

Leonard Pitts, Jr.,Rejecting Feminism Makes No Sense

Dave Barry , Eat All That You Can Eat

Interchapter 2: Voice and Emphasis

Diction and Repetition

Repeating words for emphasis

Alliteration

Sentence Tools

Joining complete and incomplete thoughts: subordination

Colons and dashes and voice

Colons

Dashes

Using pairs of dashes

Italics (Underlining) and voice

Parentheses and voice

Fine-Tuning Sentences

Sentence fragments: pros and cons

Conciseness

Omit needless words

Omit needless words

Chapter 3: THE TOULMIN METHOD AND PROBLEMS IN REASONING

Using the Toulmin Method to Argue

Kinds of arguments–kinds of claims

Laws and policies

Reality, facts

Values, morals, taste

Warrants

Stating the warrant

Daniel May,Practicing the Toulmin Method of Arguing

Alyssa Huntoon, Toulmin Analysis of an Editorial Cartoon

Gregg Nelson, Why Single Out Cell Phones

Exploring an essay using the Toulmin method

Dave Eggers, Serve or Fail

Margo Brines , Exploring Dave Eggers’s “Serve or Fail” with the Toulmin Method

Writing Assignment: Exploring an Essay with the Toulmin Method

Kathleen Parker, Children Last

Jessica Peck Corry, Republican Moms for Marijuana:“Time to Legalize Is Now”

Mike Adams, Weak Negotiating Fathers

Problems in Reasoning

Finding the facts

Implications, Assumptions, and Inferences

Implications

Assumptions

Fallacies

Problems of Insufficient Evidence

Overgeneralizing

John Gray, Wallets and Purses

Card stacking

Ad ignorantium

Post hoc ergo propter hoc

Problems Based on Irrelevant Information

Ad baculum

Ad hominem

Fallacy of opposition

Genetic fallacy

Guilt by association

Ad misericordiam

Ad populum

Bandwagon

Plain folks and snob appeal

Ad verecundiam

Red herring

Weak opponent

Tu quoque

Oversimplification

Problems of Ambiguity

Amphibole

Begging the question

Equivocation

Loaded language

False analogy

Other Problems of Faulty Reasoning

False dilemma (either/or thinking)

Non sequitur

Rationalization

Reductio ad absurdum

Slippery slope

Interchapter 3: Strategies of Repetition

Sentence Tools

Parallelism

Anaphora

Epistrophe

The Power of Threes in Sentences

Susan Ager,Baby, Baby, Baby, 3 Has Its Charms

Using threes in sentences: rising order or not

Varying sentence beginnings: three ways

Using -ing phrases

Misusing -ing Phrases: Misplaced Modifiers

Using -ed or -en phrases

Using To phrases

Chapter 4: ROGERIAN ARGUMENT

Problems with the Argument Culture

Rogerian Argument

Common Ground

Advantages and Disadvantages of Rogerian Argument

Applying Rogerian Argument

Richard Selzer, Brute

Writing Assignment: Personal Essay Using Rogerian Argument

Student Model Paper

Critical Reading Strategies

Outlining and Summarizing

Writing Assignment: Using Rogerian Argument to Analyze Essays

Gary Steiner, Animal, Vegetable, Miserable

Student Model Paper

Readings for Rogerian Argument

Courtney E. Martin, The Undocumented American Dream

John Hawkins, 5 Reasons Illegal Immigrants Shouldn’t Be Given American Citizenship

Benjamin Could, Cognitive Enhancement on Campus: Taking Competition Seriously

Mitch Albom, The Real Tragedy of a Notre Dame Football Recruit’s Spring Break Death

Robert Voas, There’s No Benefit to Lowering the Drinking Age

John J. Miller, The Case Against 21

Maggie Gallagher, The Message of Same-Sex Marriage

Scott Seider and Howard Gardner, The Fragmented Generation

Interchapter 4: Style and CONTRARIES

Sentence Tools

Antithesis

Antithesis and balanced sentences

Loose and periodic sentences

Fine-Tuning Sentences

False starts

Active and passive verbs

Chapter 5: RHETORICAL ANALYSIS

What Is a Rhetorical Analysis?

Why Do a Rhetorical Analysis?

Guidelines for Exploring an Essay for a Rhetorical Analysis

Writing Assignment: A Rhetorical Analysis

Dennis Prager , Is America Still Making Men

Student Model Paper

Readings for Rhetorical Analysis

Charles M. Blow, Welcome to the Club

Mitch Albom, Don’t Shoot Holes in Gun Control Bills

Eve Ensler, The Power and Mystery of Naming Things

Anna Quindlen, Whoever We Are, Loss Finds Us and Defines Us

Leonard Pitts, Jr., Sept. 12, 2001: We’ll Go Forward from This Moment

A Call for Unity: Letter from Eight White Clergymen

Martin Luther King, Jr., Letter from a Birmingham Jail

Interchapter 5: Exploring Style

Presenting Yourself in E-Mail

Tools of Style

Guidelines for Writing an Essay to Explore Style

Exploring the Style of a Passage

Writing Assignment: Exploring the Style of an Essay or a Speech

Rick Reilly, The Swooshification of the World

Student Model Paper

Essays for Exploration

Anna Quindlen, Commencement Speech at Mount Holyoke College

Martin Luther King Jr.,I Have a Dream

Chapter 6: Visual Arguments

News photographs

Feature photography

Staged images

Documentary photographs

Writing Assignment: Photographs

essays exploring photographs

Like a photograph, a painting

Advertisements

Special Considerations for Exploring Ads

Student essays exploring advertisements

Writing Assignment: Advertisements

Cartoons

Cartoons and creativity

Creativity and humor

Serious cartoons

Editorial cartoons

Special Considerations for Exploring Cartoons

Writing Assignment: Cartoons

Student essays exploring cartoons

Film

Writing about a film

Writing Assignment: Film Review

Guidelines for Writing a Film Review

Before you do research

Finding and synthesizing sources

Student Film Review

Chapter 7: Critical Thinking about Poetryand Fiction

Reading and Writing about Poetry

Theodore Roethke, My Papa’s Waltz

The language of poetry

Emily Dickinson,A Narrow Fellow in the Grass

Elements of poetry

Diction

Imagery

Theodore Roethke,Cellar

Figures of speech: metaphors, similes, and symbols

Sylvia Plath, Metaphors

Tone

Speaker

Sound patterns

Structure

Line breaks

Reading Notebook

William Stafford,Traveling through the Dark

Writing Assignment: An Essay about a Poem

Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays

Student essay exploring a poem

Poems to Consider for Writing an Essay

Mary Oliver,The Summer Day

Ted Kooser,Splitting an Order

Kim Noriega , Heaven, 1963

Paula Sergi, Vocations Club

Jim Daniels, Work Boots: Still Life

Bruce Weigl, May

Thomas Lux,Upon Seeing the Ultrasound Photo of an Unborn Child

Anne Sexton, Red Roses

Langston Hughes, Mother to Son

Naomi Shihab Nye, Famous

Reading and Writing about Fiction

Stuart Dybek, Lights

Stuart Dybek, Maroon

Anne Caston, Flying Out with the Wounded

Elements of fiction

Plot and conflict

Character

Point of view

Setting

Moral issues

Writing Assignment: An Essay about a Story

Stories to Consider for Writing an Essay

Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour

Raymond Carver, Popular Mechanics

Bonnie Jo Campbell, Shotgun Wedding

Stuart Dybek, Pet Milk

Chapter 8: Research Strategies

Research Writing Options

The report

The argument paper

It May Feel Like a Mountain of Information

Strategy One: Using Subject-Specific Encyclopedias

Preliminary reading and your research question

Strategy Two: Looking for Books

The library catalog

Critical thinking in a research notebook

Taking notes

Strategy Three: Looking for Articles

Using databases

Differences between magazines and journals

An advantage of journals

Newspaper articles and online archives

Divide your work into steps or phases

Look for the most recent sources first

Professional, technical, and specialty journals

Strategy Four: Government Documents and Statistics

Biographical sources

Book reviews

Strategy Five: Doing Some Field Research

Guidelines for interviews

Writing Assignment: Research Proposal

Example of research proposal

Chapter 9: Evaluating Evidence

Scholarship and the Wikipedia Dilemma

Scott Jaschik, A Stand Against Wikipedia

T. Mills Kelly, Why I Won’t Get Hired at Middlebury

Research and the Internet

What Is a Reliable Site?

Criteria for Web sites

Who Is the Author?

Identifying authors

Watch out for false and impartial authorities

Reliable Information: On the Web and Off

Context

Timely data

Documentation and credibility

Hoaxes and frauds

Understanding Evidence in Research Writing

Claim

Persuasive Appeals

Questioning evidence

Primary and secondary evidence

The weight of evidence

Remaining impartial

Information without attribution

Evaluating statistical data

Writing Assignment: Annotated Bibliography

Example of annotated bibliography

Going Beyond the Information Given

Nicholas D. Kristof, Save the Darfur Puppy

Writing Assignment: Exploring an Article by Doing Research from It

Lori Aratani, Teens Can Multitask, But What Are Costs?

Rob Stein, Premarital Abstinence Pledges Ineffective, Study Finds

Gardiner Harris, Researchers Find Study of Medical Marijuana Discouraged

Chapter 10: Writing Your Reseach paper

Researchers as Writers

Working through your project

Discovering order

Shaping your thesis

Substantiating your data

Understanding your audience

Controlling your voice

Using tools of style

Using persuasive appeals

Taking your time

Using Sources: In-Text Citation

Using author’s name within a sentence

Using author’s name in parentheses

Using signal phrases with direct quotes

Using direct quotes for words, phrases, and sentences

How to use long quotes

Vary the way you use direct quotes

Using blended quotes within your own sentences

Commas and periods go inside quotation marks

Using colons and semicolons with quotation marks

Using single quotation marks

Using quotation marks around words used in a special sense

Using an ellipsis mark to indicate omission of words

Using brackets to add your own words in a quote

Using “sic” to indicate errors in quotes

When it is appropriate to use direct quotes

Common knowledge

Plagiarism, Summarizing, and Paraphrasing

Writing a Report

A model report

Organizing reports

The Formal Outline

The preliminary outline

The formal outline model

Apply What You Have Learned in Earlier Chapters

Works Cited or References

The bibliography rule

A Model Argument Paper

Chapter 11: DOCUMENTATION: MLA AND APA

Guidelines for References in Your Text: MLA Style

Directory To MLA Works Cited Models

Book: MLA Basic Works Cited Model

Books: MLA Works Cited Models

Periodical: MLA Basic Works Cited Model

Periodicals: MLA Works Cited Models

Online Sources: MLA Works Cited Models

Other Sources: MLA Works Cited Models

MLA Guidelines for Manuscript Format

APA Style: Name and Date Method of Documentation

Guidelines for References in Your Text: APA Style

References List in APA Style

Directory to APA Works Cited Models

Book: APA Basic Reference Form

Books: APA Reference List Models