Drugs in American Society / Edition 7

BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTSPreface

Part 1 INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1: Drugs: A Sociological PerspectiveChapter 2: Drugs: A Pharmacological PerspectiveChapter 3: Theories of Drug Use Chapter 4: Controlling Drugs: The Historical ContextChapter 5: Drugs in the News

Part 2 DRUG USE: METHODS AND DATA

Chapter 6: How Do We Know It’s True? Methods of ResearchChapter 7: Historical Trends in Drug Consumption: From Past to Current Use

Part 3 DRUGS AND THEIR USE

Chapter 8: Legal Drugs: Alcohol, Tobacco, and Psychotherapeutic DrugsChapter 9: Marijuana, LSD, and Club DrugsChapter 10: Stimulants: Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, Cocaine, and CrackChapter 11: Heroin and the Narcotics

Part 4 DRUGS, CRIME, AND DRUG CONTROL

Chapter 12: Drugs and Crime: What’s the Connection? Chapter 13: The Illicit Drug IndustryChapter 14: Drug Control: Law Enforcement, Drug Courts, Drug TreatmentChapter 15: Legalization, Decriminalization, and Harm Reduction

Appendix: Drug-Related WebsitesGlossaryReferences

DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTSPreface

PART 1 INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1: Drugs: A Sociological Perspective

WHAT IS A DRUG? Medical UtilityIllegalityPsychoactivityDefining Drugs: A SummaryDRUG USE AND DRUG ABUSETYPES OF DRUG USELegal Instrumental UseLegal Recreational UseIllegal Instrumental UseIllegal Recreational UseTHREE ERAS OF DRUG USE: TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIOECONOMIC CHANGEAN OVERVIEW OF DRUG USE IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY SUMMARYKEY TERMS ACCOUNT: The Illegal Instrumental Use of Adderall, an AmphetamineQUESTIONS

Chapter 2: Drugs: A Pharmacological Perspective

DRUG ACTIONA FEW BASIC PHARMACOLOGICAL CONCEPTSThe Acute-Chronic DistinctionThe ED/LD RatioDrug ToleranceDrug FateFACTORS THAT INFLUENCE DRUG ACTIONRoute of AdministrationDosePotency and PurityDrug MixingDRUG DEPENDENCE A CLASSIFICATION OF PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS AND THEIR EFFECTSStimulantsSedative/HypnoticsNarcoticsHallucinogens/PsychedelicsMarijuanaEcstasyAPPENDIX: DRUG NAMESSUMMARYKEY TERMSACCOUNT: Multiple Drug UseQUESTIONS

Chapter 3: Theories of Drug Use

BIOLOGICAL THEORIESGenetic FactorsMetabolic ImbalancePSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIESReinforcementInadequate PersonalityProblem-Behavior PronenessSOCIOLOGICAL THEORIESAnomie TheorySocial Control and Self-Control TheorySocial Learning and Subculture TheorySelective Interaction/SocializationA Conflict Theory of Drug AbuseSUMMARYKEY TERMSACCOUNT: Multiple Drug UseQUESTIONS

Chapter 4: Controlling Drugs: The Historical Context

DRUG USE IN NINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICAMedical Drug UseCocaine-Based "Soft" DrinksMedical, Scientific, and Technological InnovationsNumbers of Addicts and AbusersTHE MOVEMENT TO PROHIBIT ALCOHOL: 1784-1920EARLY ANTI-OPIUM LEGISLATIONTHE PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT OF 1906THE SHANGHAI COMMISSION AND THE HAGUE COMMITTEETHE HARRISON ACT, 1914THE IMPACT OF THE HARRISON ACT: DID IT MAKE MATTERS WORSE? THE MARIHUANA TAX ACT, 1937THE CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ACT AND THE NIXON/FORD ADMINISTRATIONTHE BACKLASH GATHERS STRENGTH: THE CARTER YEARSSUMMARYKEY TERMS

Chapter 5: Drugs in the News

ARE THE NEWS MEDIA BIASED? FOUR THEORIES OF MEDIA BIASSENSATIONALISM IN THE MEDIA: THE DRUG STORYNEW DRUGS IN THE MEDIA: VIOLENCE, INSANITY, AND GENETIC DAMAGEMarijuana in the 1930sLSD in the 1960sPCP in the 1970sCrack in the 1980sMethamphetamine: The Late 1980s to the 2000sTELLING A STORY MEETS FACTUAL ACCURACY: THE JANET COOK SAGAMEDIA ACCOUNTS OF CRACK-RELATED HOMICIDE, 1985 to 1990SUMMARYKEY TERMS

Part 2 DRUG USE: METHODS AND DATA

Chapter 6: How Do We Know It’s True: Methods of Research

SOCIAL RESEARCH ON DRUG USE: AN INTRODUCTIONLyingSamplingStatisticsRATES OF DRUG USE: AN INTRODUCTIONARRESTEE DRUG ABUSE MONITORING PROGRAM (ADAM) DRUG ABUSE WARNING NETWORK (DAWN) MONITORING THE FUTURE (MTF) NATIONAL SURVEY ON DRUG USE AND HEALTH (NSDUH) SUMMARYKEY TERMS

Chapter 7: Historical Trends in Drug Consumption: From Past to Current Use

RATES AND PATTERNS OF DRUG USE: THE BASICSOverall Prevalence RatesContinuance or “Loyalty” RatesConsumption LevelsLife-Cycle RatesTRENDS OVER TIME: AN INTRODUCTIONALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, 1700s to 1919ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION DURING PROHIBITIONREPEAL: ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, 1933 TO THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURYDRUG USE TRENDS OVER TIME: 1960s TO 1979DRUG USE: THE 1980s TO THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURYSUMMARYKEY TERMSACCOUNTS: Marijuana Use (1967), Heroin Abuse (1971), Ecstasy Use (1988), Multiple Drug Use (1996), Multiple Drug Use (2003) QUESTIONS

Part 3 DRUGS AND THEIR USE

Chapter 8: Legal Drugs: Alcohol, Tobacco, and Psychotherapeutic Drugs

ALCOHOL: AN INTRODUCTIONACUTE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOLACUTE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION: ACCIDENTS, DISEASE, AND SOCIAL COSTALCOHOL CONSUMPTION TODAYWHO DRINKS? WHO DOESN’T? TOBACCO: AN INTRODUCTIONTOBACCO: MEDICAL HARMTOBACCO: A BRIEF HISTORYTHE DECLINE OF SMOKINGPSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS: AN INTRODUCTIONSEDATIVE/HYPNOTICSTRANQUILIZERSANTIPSYCHOTICSANTIDEPRESSANTSSUMMARYKEY TERMS ACCOUNT: My Experiences with AlcoholQUESTIONS

Chapter 9: Marijuana, LSD, and Club Drugs

MARIJUANA: AN INTRODUCTIONACUTE EFFECTS OF MARIJUANACHRONIC EFFECTS OF MARIJUANAWHO USES MARIJUANA? AgeSexPeer InfluencesUnconventionalityTHE “GATEWAY” HYPOTHESIS: THE PROGRESSION TO MORE DANGEROUS DRUGSThe Pharmacological SchoolThe Sociocultural SchoolThe Predisposition SchoolMARIJUANA AS MEDICINELSD AND THE HALLUCINOGENS: AN INTRODUCTIONSUBJECTIVE EFFECTS OF HALLUCINOGENIC DRUGSGENETIC DAMAGELSD: CONTINUANCE RATES AND FREQUENCIES OF USECLUB DRUGSSUMMARYKEY TERMSACCOUNT: RavingQUESTIONS

Chapter 10: Stimulants: Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, Cocaine, and Crack

AMPHETAMINEMETHAMPHETAMINECOCAINECRACKDOES THE CIA PEDDLE CRACK? SUMMARYKEY TERMSACCOUNT: Crack CocaineQUESTIONS

Chapter 11: Heroin and the Narcotics

NARCOTIC DRUGS: AN INTRODUCTIONTHE USE AND ABUSE OF NARCOTICS TODAYWHY TURN ON? THE USER’S PERSPECTIVEKICKING HEROINHEROIN ADDICTION: MYTH AND REALITYCONTROLLED OPIATE USEHEROIN AND AIDSSUMMARYKEY TERMSACCOUNT: OxyContin AddictionQUESTIONS

Part 4 DRUGS, CRIME, AND DRUG CONTROL

Chapter 12: Drugs and Crime: What’s the Connection?

WHAT’S THE NATURE OF THE DRUG-CRIME LINK? DRUGS AND CRIME: THREE MODELSThe Enslavement ModelThe Predisposition ModelThe Intensification ModelTHE DRUGS/VIOLENCE NEXUS: THREE MODELSThe Psychopharmacological ModelThe Economic-Compulsive ModelThe Systemic ModelWhich Model Makes the Most Sense? THE ROLE OF COCAINE USE IN VIOLENT BEHAVIORHEROIN ADDICTION AND VIOLENCEALCOHOL AND VIOLENCESUMMARYKEY TERMSACCOUNT: Drugs and CrimeQUESTIONS

Chapter 13: The Illicit Drug Industry

THE MYTH OF THE SIZE OF THE DRUG TRADETHE MYTH OF MARKET CENTRALIZATION IN THE DRUG TRADETHE MYTH OF THE DRUG TRADE AS AN ECONOMIC LIABILITYWHERE DO DRUGS COME FROM? HeroinCocaineMarijuanaMethamphetamineEcstasyLSDPurely Synthetic Drugs: A SummaryFACTORS THAT FACILITATE THE ILLICIT DRUG TRADEThe Collapse of the Soviet UnionEconomic PrivatizationMoney LaunderingGlobalizationPovertyWeak or Corrupt Local and Federal GovernmentsTHE STREET SELLER-TO-USER TRANSACTION: FOUR VIEWSThe Street-Level Economics of Heroin AbuseDelinquent GangsSelling Crack in El BarrioClass and Ethnic Styles of DealingSUMMARYKEY TERMSACCOUNT: Dealing CocaineQUESTIONS

Chapter 14: Drug Control: Law Enforcement, Drug Courts, Drug Treatment

DRUG USE AND THE CRIME RATE VS ARREST AND INCARCERATIONPROHIBITION: THE PUNITIVE MODELTwo Punitive ArgumentsDrug Control: The Current SystemSummaryTHE DRUG WAR AS IDEOLOGYDRUG ASSET FORFEITUREPROACTIVE POLICING AGAINST STREET LEVEL TRAFFICKINGDOES PROHIBITION WORK? DRUG COURTS: TREATMENT, NOT PUNISHMENT DRUG TREATMENTTopsDatosSUMMARYKEY TERMSACCOUNT: Arrest and IncarcerationQUESTIONS

Chapter 15: Legalization, Decriminalization, and Harm Reduction

LEGALIZATION: AN INTRODUCTIONWHY DO LEGALIZERS BELIEVE CRIMINALIZATION CAN’T WORK? FOUR PROPOSALS TO REFORM THE DRUG LAWSLegalizationDecriminalizationPrescription and Maintenance ModelsHarm ReductionWILL DRUG USE/ABUSE RISE UNDER LEGALIZATION? Does Criminalization Ever Lower Demand? National Alcohol Prohibition (1920-1933) Legalization and Use: Two IssuesWorst Case ScenarioHuman NatureUsing Drugs, Drug EffectsFrequencies of UseThe Hassle FactorCostContinuance RatesPROGRESSIVE LEGALIZERS VS PROGRESSIVE PROHIBITIONISTSProgressive LegalizersProgressive ProhibitionistsSUMMARYKEY TERMS

REFERENCESAPPENDIX: DRUG-RELATED WEBSITESAUTHOR INDEXSUBJECT INDEX