Electronic Image Display: Equipment Selection and Operation

by Jon C. Leachtenauer

Overview

As a consultant to the US Army on image quality and interpretation measurement, Leachteneauer provides advice on maintaining image quality in the selection and operation of electronic displays. After introducing the types of display technologies available, the concepts of image chain and the display as a system, he treats specifics of the operation and performance of such equipment and the human visual system. The accompanying CD contains image test targets described in the appendix. SPIE is the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, of the International Society for Optical Engineering. Annotation ©2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780819444202
Publisher:	SPIE Press
Publication date:	09/28/2003
Series:	SPIE Press Monograph Series
Pages:	294
Product dimensions:	6.90(w) x 10.10(h) x 0.90(d)

Table of Contents

	Preface	xiii
	Acknowledgments	xv
	List of Acronyms	xvii
Chapter 1	Introduction	1
1.1	The Image Chain	1
1.2	The Display as a System	5
1.3	Characterizing Quality	6
1.4	Reader Road Map	7
	References	8
Chapter 2	Measurement of Light and Color	11
2.1	Light Measures	11
2.2	Light Measurement	15
2.3	Color Measures	17
2.4	Color Measurement	26
2.5	Summary	26
	References	27
Chapter 3	Electronic Display Operation	29
3.1	Display Types	29
3.2	Display Controller	31
3.3	CRT Operation--Monochrome	34
3.4	CRT Operation--Color	40
3.5	The AMLCD	41
3.6	Plasma Displays	43
3.7	Display Controls	44
3.7.1	Luminance controls	44
3.7.2	Geometry controls	46
3.7.3	Color controls	48
3.8	Summary	49
	References	50
Chapter 4	Physical Display Quality Measures	53
4.1	Resolution Measures	54
4.1.1	Addressability and screen size	54
4.1.2	Pixel density and size	55
4.1.3	Pixel subtense	57
4.1.4	Resolution-addressability ratio	59
4.1.5	Edge sharpness	59
4.1.6	Contrast modulation	60
4.1.7	Raster modulation	62
4.1.8	Modulation transfer function	63
4.1.9	Bandwidth	64
4.2	Contrast Measures	64
4.2.1	Bit depth	64
4.2.2	Dynamic range	66
4.2.3	Gamma	66
4.2.4	Input/output function	67
4.2.5	Halation	67
4.2.6	Reflectance and transmittance	68
4.2.7	Luminance stability	69
4.2.8	Luminance and color uniformity	69
4.2.9	Gamut	70
4.2.10	Viewing angle	71
4.3	Noise Measures	71
4.3.1	Signal-to-noise ratio	71
4.3.2	Noise power spectrum, noise-equivalent quanta, and detective quantum efficiency	73
4.3.3	Jitter, swim, and drift	74
4.3.4	Refresh rate and flicker	74
4.3.5	Warm-up and aging	74
4.4	Artifacts and Distortions	74
4.5	Categorization by Measurement Domain	77
4.6	Summary	79
	References	79
Chapter 5	Perceptual Quality and Utility Measures	81
5.1	Subjective Quality Ratings	83
5.2	Subjective Performance (Utility) Estimates	84
5.3	National Imagery Interpretability Rating Scale	85
5.4	Objective Perceptual Quality Measures	87
5.4.1	Briggs target	89
5.4.2	Briggs vs. NIIRS	95
5.5	Objective Performance (Utility) Measurement	96
5.5.1	Theory of signal detection	99
5.5.2	Time measures	102
5.6	Summary	102
	References	102
Chapter 6	Performance of the Human Visual System	105
6.1	Physiology of the HVS	105
6.2	Visual Performance	111
6.2.1	Separable acuity	111
6.2.2	Stereo acuity	117
6.2.3	Color vision performance	117
6.3	Individual Differences	119
6.4	Models of Visual Performance	124
6.4.1	Monochrome (luminance) models	124
6.4.2	Color models	133
6.5	Summary	134
	References	134
Chapter 7	Contrast Performance Requirements	137
7.1	Performance Requirements	137
7.2	Measurement Definition	138
7.3	Requirement Rationale	139
7.4	Instrument Measurement	148
7.4.1	Initial setup	149
7.4.2	Dynamic range	149
7.4.3	Lmax	150
7.4.4	Input/output function	150
7.4.5	Luminance uniformity	150
7.4.6	Viewing angle threshold	152
7.4.7	Halation	153
7.4.8	Bit depth	153
7.4.9	Color temperature	154
7.4.10	Color uniformity	155
7.5	Measurement Alternatives	155
7.6	Summary	158
	References	158
Chapter 8	Size and Resolution Performance Requirements	161
8.1	Performance Requirements	161
8.2	Measurement Definition	162
8.3	Requirement Rationale	162
8.4	Instrument Measurement	170
8.4.1	Screen size (diagonal)	170
8.4.2	Screen aspect ratio	170
8.4.3	Pixel aspect ratio	170
8.4.4	Addressability	171
8.4.5	Pixel density	171
8.4.6	Contrast modulation--Zone A	172
8.4.7	Contrast modulation--Zone B	172
8.5	Measurement Alternatives	173
8.6	Summary	178
	References	178
Chapter 9	Noise, Artifact, and Distortion Performance Requirements	181
9.1	Performance Requirements	181
9.2	Measurement Definition	181
9.3	Requirement Rationale	183
9.4	Instrument Measurement	188
9.4.1	Warm-up time	188
9.4.2	Scan rate	189
9.4.3	Jitter, swim, and drift	189
9.4.4	Macro and micro jitter	190
9.4.5	Luminance step response	190
9.4.6	Moire	191
9.4.7	Extinction ratio	192
9.4.8	Mura and other artifacts	192
9.4.9	Pixel defects	193
9.4.10	Signal-to-noise ratio	193
9.4.11	Straightness (waviness)	193
9.4.12	Linearity	194
9.5	Measurement Alternatives	194
9.6	Summary	197
	References	197
Chapter 10	Monitor Selection and Setup	199
10.1	Monitor and Video Controller Selection	199
10.2	Monitor Setup	203
10.2.1	Monitor connection and setup	203
10.2.2	Controlling the monitor environment	204
10.2.3	Monitor calibration	209
10.2.4	Perceptual linearization	210
10.3	Display Maintenance	214
10.4	Summary	216
	References	216
Chapter 11	Pixel Processing	219
11.1	Pixel Intensity Transforms	219
11.1.1	Dynamic range adjustment	219
11.1.2	Tonal transfer adjustment/correction	220
11.1.3	Color transforms	223
11.2	Spatial Filtering	224
11.3	Geometric Transforms	227
11.4	Bandwidth Compression and Expansion	229
11.5	Sequence of Operations	233
11.6	Summary	234
	References	234
Chapter 12	Digitizers, Printers, and Projectors	237
12.1	Digitizers	237
12.1.1	Digitizer operation	237
12.1.2	Digitizer image quality and device selection	239
12.1.3	Digitizing procedures	243
12.2	Printers	248
12.2.1	Printer operation	249
12.2.2	Printer quality and selection	249
12.2.3	Printing procedures	254
12.3	Projection Displays	258
12.4	Summary	259
	References	259
Appendix	Test Targets	261
	Index	265