Table of Contents
Front Cover About Island Press Subscribe Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface Acknowledgments Part I: A Framework for Environmental Land Use Planning and Management Chapter 1: Environmental Management for Sustainability What Is Environmental Management for Sustainability? Participants and Roles in Sustainable Environmental Management The Market Civil Society Environmental Management: A Reflection of Social Cutlture, Values, and Ethics The Evolution of Environmentalism Worldviews of Sustainability From Movement to Management Toward Sustainability Summary and Next Steps Historical Perspectives on Urban and Environmental Planning Four Classic Approaches to Environmental Planning Environmental Design Environmental Economics Environmental Evaluation Environmental Politics Participation, Collaboration, and Conflict Resolution Environmental Law The Planner as Technician, as Information Source The Planner as Negotiator Amound Interests, Mediator of Conflicts The Planner as Designer, as Visionary Environmental Planning in the Twenty-First Century Summary Planning Challenges and Responses Around the World Bridging the Green (Natural) and Brown (Built) Environmental Agendas Strategic Spatial Planning to Manage Land Use and Infrastructure Creating Green, Healthy, Safe, Just, Livable, and Sustainable Communities The Government Response to Sprawl: Smart Growth Management The Design Response to Sprawl: Compact, Mixed-Use, and Ecological Development The Metropolitan Response to Sprawl: The Regional City Mangaing and Greening Shrinking Cities Managing Small Towns and Rural Landscapes Land Use and Environmental Protection Land Use and Natural Hazards Land Use and Human Envionmental Health Land Use Impacts on Hydrologic Systems Land Use Impacts on Energy and Material Consumption A Framework for Comprehensive and Strategic Land Use Planning Regional or Areawide Plan Community-wide Land Use Plan District and Small-Area Plans Summary, Conclusions, and Emerging Practices Chapter 4: Collaborative Environmental Planning and Learning for Sustainability Strong Democracy, Shared and Social Capital, Informality, and Power The Evolution of Collaborative Planning: From Nonparticipation to Collaborative Learning Learning Networks Participatory Appraisal Open Source Planning and Crowdsourcing Collaborative Community Design Adaptive Collaborative Management Community-Based Sustainability Programs Citizen Environmental and Sustainability Monitoring Collaborative Environmental Planning Types and Objectives Stakeholder Involvement Opportunities and Barries in Collaborative Environmental Planning Considerations in Desgining a Participation/Collaboration Process Who Should Be Involved? How Should Participation Be Evaluated? Tools for Participation and Collaboration Summary Part II: Environmental Planning: Technical Principles and Analysis Chapter 5: Evironmental Data and Geospatial Analysis A Tiered Process Considerations and Pitfalls in Using Data and Information Information Sources and Field Data Maps Topographic Maps Planimetric/Thematic Maps: Land Use/Land Cover Maps Remote Sensing Information: Aerial Photos and Satellite Imagery Remote Sensing Fundamentals Aerial Photos Satellite Imagery and Data Land Use/Land Cover Revisited: The National Land Cover Database Geographic Information Systems Data Layers and Formats Operations and Analysis in GIS Examples of GIS Products Web Map Serving GIS Data Access Public Participation GIS GIS Mashups: Integrating and Networking Geospatial Imagery The Power and Pitfalls of GIS The Promise and Prospects of Geospatial Data and Technology Summary Land Use Properties and Soil Quality Soil Stability: Strength and Movement Drainability Erodibility Capacity to Support Vegetation Soil Quality and Soil Degradation Soil Surveys and Interpretive Soils Mapping The Web Soil Survey and Interpretive Soil Suitability Mapping Geospatial Soil Survey Data Land Application of Wastes Sewage Sludge Biosilds Onsite Wastewater Systems Siting and System Design Decentralized Wastewater Systems and Land Use Managing Decentralized Systems Soil Erosion Assessment Using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation RUSLE2 Computer Software The Erodibility Index and Highly Erodible Soil Urban Erosion and Sediment Control Urban Soil Agricultural Land Conversion Establishing the LESA System in a Country Applying LESA to Specific Sites A Critique of LESA Urban Agriculture and Food Systems Planning Farmers Markets Community Composting Programs Summary Chapter 7: Water and Land Use: Stream Flow, Flooding, and Runoff Pollution The Water Balance Overland Drainage: Runoff and Watersheds Channel Processes and Geomorphology Land Use, Stream Flow, and Predicting Peak Discharge Predicting Peak Discharge The Rational Method The Win TR-55 Method: Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds The Watershed Simulation Models Peak Discharge, Flooding, and Flood Hazard Maps Water Quality Fundamentals Water Pollutants Water Bodies and Beneficial Uses Water Quality Criteria and Standards Impaired Waters in the United States Stream Flow and Water Quality Data Land Use Practices and Nonpoint Sources (NPS) Pollution Effects of Land Use on Stream Health and Integrity Stream Integrity and Impervious Surfaces Stream Assessment The Watershed Survey Stream Walk and Visual Assessment Assessing Channel Capacity and Excessive Channel Erosion Summary Testing Channel Capacity Example of the Procedure for Testing Channel Capacity Example Solution A Streamside Biosurvey Chapter 8: Stormwater Management and Watershed Restoration Integrating Stormwater Quality Control and Flood Damage Mitigation Nonpoint Source Pollution Control and MS4 Stormwater Permits Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources in TMDL and Watershed Implementation Plans Incorporating Onsite Stormwater Controls in Sustainable Community Design Institutionalizing Stormwater Management State Stormwater Control Standards and Design Manuals Local Stormwater Programs, Ordinances, Utilities, Fees Stormwater Control Measures Low-Impact Development and Light-Imprint Design Integrating SCMs Across the Watershed Neighborhood Desin Onsite and Neighborhood SCM: Primarily Storage Green Roofs, Ecoroofs, and Roof Gardens Onsite and Neighborhood SCM: Primarily Infiltration Infiltration Basins, Planters, and Trenches Pervious Pavements Swales Curb Cuts and Curb Extension Bioretention Swales Onsite and Neighborhood SCM: Primarily Filtration and Treatment Concentrated Flow SCMs The Effectiveness of Stormwater Control Measures Selecting and Sizing Stormwater Controls Stream and Watershed Restoration Stream and Corridor Restoration Watershed Restoration and Management Plans Summary Groundwater Hydrology Fundamentals Aquifers and Recharge Piezometric (Potentimetric) Surface and the Cone of Depression Groundwater Flow and Relationship to Surface Water Impervious Surface and Groundwater Recharge Groundwater Contamination Assessing Groundwater DRASTIC: Mapping Groundwater Contamination Susceptibility Groundwater Modeling Source Water Assessments under SDWA Sole Source Aquifer Designation Inventorying and Assessing Threats and Potential Sources of Contamination Developing and Implementing Groundwater Protections Measures Summary Fundamentals of Landscape and Urban Ecology Landscape Ecology Urban Ecology Classifying, Inventorying, and Mapping Vegetation Vegetative Buffers Urban Forestry Urban and Regional Forest Canopy Analysis Developing a Community Forest Management Strategy Inventorying and Evaluating the Urban Forest Planning Analysis for Increasing Forest Cover in Urban Areas Conserving and Planting Trees at Development Sites Tree Planting to Increase the Urban Forest Cover Policies to Increase Cover in Urban Watersheds The Role of Urban Forestry Wetlands Protection and Management The National Wetlands Inventory Wetland Conversion and Alteration Wetland Protection, Mitigation, Restoration, and Creation Federal Wetlands Regulation Wetland Mitgation Banking State Wetland Programs Local Wetland Programs Costal Zone Ecology and Management Costal Zone Management Elements and Measures State CZM Programs: The California Coastal Commision Estuarine and Wetland Protection Summary Chapter 11: Wildlife Habitats and Urban Biodiversity Wildlife Habitat Fundamentals Functional Connectivity and Habitat Restoration Habitat Inventories and Evaluation Focal (Multi-) Species Diversity Indices State Wildlife Action Planning The California Essential Habitat Connectivity Project Urban Biodiversity and Wildlife Management Common Failings in Designing Connectivity Corridors Local and Regional Planning for Wildlife Conectivity: Local Linkage Design Managing Urban Biodiversity Challenges and Opportunities for Urban Biodiversity Green Infrastructure: Integrating Wildlife Habitat and Open Space Planning Neighborhood and backyard Wildlife Habitat Protection Conservation Tools of the ESA and Habitat Conservation Planning The HCP Process First-Generation HCPs The "No-Surprises" Policy and Second-Generation HCPs Natural Community Conservation Planning in California: Regional Conservation for Multiple Species San Diego County Multiple Species Conservation Program Summary Energy, Urban Air Pollution, and Climate Change Our Energy Dilemma Our Urban Air Quality Challenge Our Climate Chang Imperative Emissions Trends: Way Up, Not Down Per Capita Emissions: The Best Indicator of Progress It's All About Energy (Mostly) The 450 Scenario Climate Protection: Mitigating Climate Change from Global to Local U.S. National Climate Action Policies Local Climate Action Plans and Policies 1. Low-Carbon Community Technologies and Designs 2. Low-Carbon Community Choice and Behavior Learning from Climate Action Plans and Their Implementations Protecting the Climate Climate Adaptation Planning State Adaptation Plans Local Adaptation Plans Summary Chapter 13: Natural Hazard Mitigation for Community Resilience Natural Hazard Mitigation Hazard, Exposure, Vulnerability, and Risk The Federal Disaster Mitigation Act Natural Hazard Mitigation Planning Implementing NHMP FEMA Mapping Software: HAZUS Flooding and Flood Hazard Mitigation Approaches to Flood Hazard Mitigation Floodplain Management FEMA Floodplain mapping Service No Adverse Impact Coastal Zone Hazards Coastal Storm and Erosion Hazards Mitigating Coastal Hazards Through Smart Land Development Practices Coastal Hazard Zones Geologic Hazards Slope Stability Inventorying and Mapping Landslide Hazards Seismic Hazards Earthquake Hazards Seismic Hazard Mitigation Wildfire Hazards Summary Chapter 14: Integration Methods and Synthesis Metrics The Environmental Inventory The Blacksburg Environmental Inventory (1981) Land Capability and Suitability Analysis Methods of Comination The Portland Natural Resources Inventory and Land Suitability Modeling (2009) Human Carrying Capacity Studies From Population Levels to the Attribute-Indicator-Threshold Approach Environmental Thresholds in the Lake Tahoe Basin Limits of Acceptable Change The Ecological Footprint Environmental Impact Assessment in Land Use and Development "With-Without" Analysis: Impact Variables, Indicators, and Thresholds The EIA Process Using EIA in Land Development Build-Out Analysis Build-Out Analysis in Massachusett's Community Development and Preservation Planning Green Infrastructure to Integrate Environmental Land Objectives Green Infrastructure Planning in Virginia Indicators, Indices, Weights, Thresholds LEED Green Building and Neighborhood Indices LEED Neighborhood Development Criteria Sustainable Community Rating Systems The STAR Community Index Summary Part III: Planning, Design, and Policy Tools for Environmental Land Management Chapter 15: Land Conservation for Sustainability Dimensions of Land Conservation: Th e Conservation Machine! Public Lands Federal Influence on Private Land Conservation State and Local Land Conservation State Farmland Protection Green Infrastructure Programs The Growing Role of State and Local Land Trusts National/International Land Trusts Acquiting Land and Development Rights Conservation Easements Purchase of Development Rights Collabortative Conservation and Development Tools to Conserve the Working Landscape Design and Planning Tools for Open Space, Greenways, and Green Infrastructure Open Space and Greenway Planning and Design Green Infrastructure for Open Space, Greenways, Working Landscapes, and Habitiat Private land Stewardship Smart Conservation and Growth Management Summary Chapter 16: Design with Nature for People: Sustainable, Livable, and Smart Growth Communities Urban Sprawl and Its Impacts The Consumer: Do Consumers Want this Pattern of Development? The Developer: What Does the Real Eastate Market Tell Us? Natural Systems as the Foundation for Community Design (1900-1970) The Sustainable Neighborhood Subdivision: Village Homes (1970s) The Ahwahnee Principles (1991) and Charter for the New Urbanism (1993) Smart Mobility to Reduce Automobile Dependency: Pedestrian- and Transit_Oriented Development The Urban Transect and the Density Gradient Traditional Neighborhood Design: Walkable Places, Complete Streets, Mixed Use, Mixed Income Green Neighborhoods, Green Buildings Portland EcoDistricts Green Redevelopment: Restoring Brownfields, Regenerating Shrinking Cities, and Retrofitting Suburbs Restoring Brownfields Retrofitting Suburbs The Working Landscape, Rural Clusters, and Conservation Subdivision Design The Regional Context The Process for Sustainable Community Design Synthesis and Summary Chapter 17: Community Smart Growth Management Planning Tools for Smart Growth Management Community Planning and the Comprehensive/General Plan Regularoty Tools for Growth Management Property Rights and Legal Constraints on Environmental Lans Use Regulation Conventional Land Use Regulations Vationations of Conventional Zoning and Innovations to Protect the Environment Sustainability Codes Form-Based Codes The SmartCode Provision of Urban Services and Infrastructure Development Impact Fees Integrating Tools for Smart Growth Management, Sustainable Communities, and Environmental Protection Summary Chapter 18: Regional, State, and Federal Management of Growth and the Environment Regional Programs for Smart Growth Management and Environmental Land Protection San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission Twin Cities Metropolitan Council Tahoe Regional Planning Agency Portland Metro Council State Growth Management Programs: Toward Smart Growth Statewide Land Use Programs (Type 1) Oregon's land Conservation and Development Act (Type 1A) Maryland's Smart Growth and Neighborhood Conservation Initiative (Type 1B) Florida's Growth Management Program State Environmental Impact Requirements (Type C): Washington and California State Critical Area Protection Programs (Type 2) Federal Programs Affecting Private Land Use Policies Guiding the Activities of Federal Agencies Public Land Management Summary Chapter 19: Integrative Management of Ecosystems and Watersheds Principles of Ecosystem Management Ecosytem Management Experience Ecosystem Management of Public Lands Ecosystem Management on Private Lands Ecological Restoration Watershed Protection: Principles and Process The EPA's Watershed Protection Approach The CWP's Concepts of Watershed Planning The CWP's Smart Watershed Management Integrating Compatible Programs and Solutions Institutional Arrangements for Ecosystem and Watershed Management The Watershed Group/Association Integrating Statewide and Local Watershed Programs Integrative Management Lessons for Sustainable Communities References Index IP Board of Directors
