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More About This Textbook
Overview
Written for those who are familiar with the basic strategies of analytic epidemiology, Epidemiology: Beyond the Basics takes readers through a more rigorous discussion of key epidemiologic concepts and methods such as study design, measures of association, research assessment, and more. With real-life examples throughout, the book avoids complex statistical formulations and is an invaluable resource for intermediate students and practicing epidemiologists who wish to expand their knowledge of epidemiology and its role in the medical and public health sciences.
The Third Edition offers a completely revamped page design that will make it easier for your students to navigate through the many charts, graphs, and mathematical formulas. It also offers expanded chapter exercises, new and updated references throughout, as well as coverage of some new topics including:
• Over-diagnosis Bias (Ch. 4);
• “Joint Presence of Two Factors that Interact as a Confounding Variable” (Ch. 6);
• “Alternative Approaches for the Control of Confounding” (Ch. 7);
• “Final Considerations” (Ch.8);
• Decision trees (Ch. 10)
This edition also offers an updated package of instructor materials including instructor’s manual, PowerPoint lecture slides, and a test bank.
Product Details
Table of Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xii
About the Authors xiii
Part 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 1 Basic Study Designs in Analytical Epidemiology 3
1.1 Introduction: Descriptive and Analytical Epidemiology 3
1.2 Analysis of Age, Birth Cohort, and Period Effects 4
1.3 Ecologic Studies 14
1.4 Studies Based on Individuals as Observation Units 19
References 39
Exercises 42
Part 2 Measures of Disease Occurrence and Association 45
Chapter 2 Measuring Disease Occurrence 47
2.1 Introduction 47
2.2 Measures of Incidence 49
2.3 Measures of Prevalence 71
2.4 Odds 73
References 74
Exercises 75
Chapter 3 Measuring Associations Between Exposures and Outcomes 79
3.1 Introduction 79
3.2 Measuring Associations in a Cohort Study 79
3.3 Cross-Sectional Studies: Point Prevalence Rate Ratio 90
3.4 Measuring Associations in Case-Control Studies 90
3.5 Assessing the Strength of Associations 101
References 104
Exercises 105
Part 3 Threats to Validity and Issues of Interpretation 107
Chapter 4 Understanding Lack of Validity: Bias 109
4.1 Overview 109
4.2 Selection Bias 111
4.3 Information Bias 116
4.4 Combined Selection/Information Biases 133
References 147
Exercises 150
Chapter 5 Identifying Noncausal Associations: Confounding 153
5.1 Introduction 153
5.2 The Nature of the Association Between the Confounder, the Exposure, and the Outcome 156
5.3 Theoretical and Graphical Aids to Frame Confounding 162
5.4 Assessing the Presence of Confounding 164
5.5 Additional Issues Related to Confounding 171
5.6 Conclusion 179
References 180
Exercises 182
Chapter 6 Defining and Assessing Heterogeneity of Effects: Interaction 185
6.1 Introduction 185
6.2 Defining and Measuring Effect 186
6.3 Strategies to Evaluate Interaction 186
6.4 Assessment of Interaction in Case-Control Studies 196
6.5 More on the Interchangeability of the Definitions of Interaction 203
6.6 Which is the Relevant Model? Additive Versus Multiplicative Interaction 205
6.7 The Nature and Reciprocity of Interaction 207
6.8 Interaction, Confounding Effect, and Adjustment 211
6.9 Statistical Modeling and Statistical Tests for Interaction 212
6.10 Interpreting Interaction 214
6.11 Interaction and Search for New Risk Factors in Low-Risk Groups 219
6.12 Interaction and "Representativeness" of Associations 221
References 222
Exercises 224
Part 4 Dealing with Threats to Validity 227
Chapter 7 Stratification and Adjustment: Multivariate Analysis in Epidemiology 229
7.1 Introduction 229
7.2 Stratification and Adjustment Techniques to Disentangle Confounding 230
7.3 Adjustment Methods Based on Stratification 234
7.4 Multiple Regression Techniques for Adjustment 248
7.5 Alternative Approaches for the Control of Confounding 282
7.6 Incomplete Adjustment: Residual Confounding 293
7.7 Over-Adjustment 295
7.8 Conclusion 296
References 301
Exercises 305
Chapter 8 Quality Assurance and Control 313
8.1 Introduction 313
8.2 Quality Assurance 313
8.3 Quality Control 318
8.4 Indices of Validity and Reliability 328
8.5 Regression to the Mean 358
8.6 Final Considerations 359
References 360
Exercises 363
Part 5 Issues of Reporting and Application of Epidemiologic Results 367
Chapter 9 Communicating Results of Epidemiologic Studies 369
9.1 Introduction 369
9.2 What to Report 369
9.3 How to Report 373
9.4 Conclusion 385
References 386
Exercises 388
Chapter 10 Epidemiologic Issues in the Interface with Public Health Policy 391
10.1 Introduction 391
10.2 Causality: Application to Public Health and Health Policy 392
10.3 Decision Tree and Sensitivity Analysis 408
10.4 Meta-Analysis 413
10.5 Publication Bias 416
10.6 Summary 420
References 421
Exercises 426
Appendix A Standard Errors, Confidence Intervals, and Hypothesis Testing for Selected Measures of Risk and Measures of Association 431
Appendix B Test for Trend (Dose Response) 455
Appendix C Test of Homogeneity of Stratified Estimates (Test for Interaction) 459
Appendix D Quality Assurance and Quality Control Procedures Manual for Blood Pressure Measurement and Blood/Urine Collection in the ARIC Study 461
Appendix E Calculation of the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient 469
Appendix F Answers to Exercises 473
Index 501