The cultural and material legacies of the Roman Republic and Empire in evidence throughout Rome have made it the "Eternal City." Too often, however, this patrimony has caused Rome to be seen as static and antique, insulated from the transformations of the modern world. In Excavating Modernity, Joshua Arthurs dramatically revises this perception, arguing that as both place and idea, Rome was strongly shaped by a radical vision of modernity imposed by Mussolini’s regime between the two world wars.
Italian Fascism’s appropriation of the Roman past—the idea of Rome, or romanità— encapsulated the Fascist virtues of discipline, hierarchy, and order; the Fascist "new man" was modeled on the Roman legionary, the epitome of the virile citizen-soldier. This vision of modernity also transcended Italy’s borders, with the Roman Empire providing a foundation for Fascism’s own vision of Mediterranean domination and a European New Order. At the same time, romanità also served as a vocabulary of anxiety about modernity. Fears of population decline, racial degeneration and revolution were mapped onto the barbarian invasions and the fall of Rome. Offering a critical assessment of romanità and its effects, Arthurs explores the ways in which academics, officials, and ideologues approached Rome not as a site of distant glories but as a blueprint for contemporary life, a source of dynamic values to shape the present and future.
Joshua Arthurs is Assistant Professor of History at West Virginia University.
Table of Contents
List of Illustrations ix
Acknowledgments xi
List of Abbreviations xiii
Introduction 1
1 The Third Rome and Its Discontents, 1848-1922 9
2 Science and Faith: The Istituto di Studi Romani, 1922-1929 29
3 History and Hygiene in Mussolini's Rome, 1925-1938 50
4 The Totalitarian Museum: The Mostra Augustea della Romanità, 1937-1938 91
5 Empire, Race, and the Decline of Romanitá, 1936-1945 125
Conclusion 151
Notes 151
Bibliography 191
Index 213
What People are Saying About This
Aristotle Kallis
Romanità has been a ubiquitous conceptual anchor in the analysis of the Fascist regime's fascination with Rome's histories and myths. While its relevance to Fascist ideology, discourse, and propaganda has been widely acknowledged, the concept itself has often been too easily juxtaposed to Fascism’s 'modernist’ streak. Joshua Arthurs’s fascinating and multilayered exploration offers a much-needed redress: the appropriation of the Roman past as history, aesthetics, physical space, and a set of values by the Fascist regime points to a decidedly revolutionary project that was underpinned by a unique transformational dynamic. Arthurs's idea of a Fascist excavation of romanità presents its investment in the ancient Roman past as a genuine, wholesale, and active attempt to redeem and mold it, both in physical terms within the urban space and as a timeless symbolic capital to be reclaimed in order to be (re)produced. In this respect, this book establishes Fascist romanità as different from previous iterations of the myth of Rome in modern Western and Italian political cultures.
Borden W. Painter
In Excavating Modernity, Joshua Arthurs makes a valuable contribution to our understanding of Italian Fascist ideology and the centrality of the myth of Rome: romanità. He challenges the notion that romanità meant only bombast and nostalgia by dwelling on Rome's past greatness. Instead he shows that it also provided a model for modernity. Mussolini gathered classicists, archeologists, and historians in the Istituto di Studi Romani to present to the Italian people a road map to Italy’s future unity and strength in a program of national regeneration. Arthurs’s well-researched book is a welcome addition to the growing historical literature on Mussolini’s use of Rome to mobilize Italians for his new Fascist Empire.
Ruth Ben-Ghiat
Excavating Modernity is an original and nuanced study of the Italian Fascist regime's engagement with and exploitation of the immense heritage of ancient Rome.
