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More About This Textbook
Overview
Successfully completing many forms of behaviour requires that humans look in the right place at the right time: This has generated a large volume of research aimed at understanding how the eyes are guided. Prominent in research over a number of years now has been the notion that visual salience (low-level conspicuity) is a crucial causal factor in determining where people look. However, there is now a critical mass of evidence, drawn from a range of experimental settings, that visual conspicuity is unlikely to play a prominent role in determining where we look under most viewing conditions.
This places us at a very interesting transition period in our understanding of eye guidance. The papers included in this special issue not only underline the limitations of the original visual salience approach, but also present a range of alternative levels of selection that have a role in guiding where people fixate in scenes. Emerging alternative models of eye guidance are presented, and these appear to offer complementary accounts and theoretical positions. A number of remaining challenges have yet to be addressed even in the latest models of eye guidance, and this special issue considers these challenges, which will feature prominently in future research. Importantly, this special issue brings together research from a variety of experimental settings, from static scene viewing in laboratories, to watching movies, to virtual reality, to free behaviour in the real world, in order to fully assess our current understanding of eye guidance in natural scenes. It is clear that a key challenge in the future of this area will be to understand eye guidance in the context of natural behaviour.
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Table of Contents
Current understanding of eye guidance Benjamin W. Tatler 777
Top-down control of eye movements: Yarbus revisited Marianne DeAngelus Jeff B. Pelz 790
Saliency and scan patterns in the inspection of real-world scenes: Eye movements during encoding and recognition Geoffrey Underwood Tom Foulsham Katherine Humphrey 812
Overt attentional prioritization of new objects and feature changes during real-world scene viewing Michi Matsukura James R. Brockmole John M. Henderson 835
Do we look at lights? Using mixture modelling to distinguish between low- and high-level factors in natural image viewing Benjamin T. Vincent Roland Baddeley Alessia Correani Tom Troscianko Ute Leonards 856
The nature of the visual representations involved in eye movements when walking down the street Filipe Cristino Roland Baddeley 880
Get real! Resolving the debate about equivalent social stimuli Elina Birmingham Walter F. Bischof Alan Kingstone 904
You look where I look! Effect of gaze cues on overt and covert attention in misdirection Gustav Kuhn Benjamin W. Tatler Geoff G. Cole 925
Modelling search for people in 900 scenes: A combined source model of eye guidance Krista A. Ehinger Barbara Hidalgo-Sotelo Antonio Torralba Aude Oliva 945
SUN: Top-down saliency using natural statistics Christopher Kanan Mathew H. Tong Lingyun Zhang Garrison W. Cottrell 979
An effect of referential scene constraint on search implies scene segmentation Gregory J. Zelinsky Joseph Schmidt 1004
The prominence of behavioural biases in eye guidance Benjamin W. Tatler Benjamin T. Vincent 1029
How are eye fixation durations controlled during scene viewing? Further evidence from a scene onset delay paradigm John M. Henderson Tim J. Smith 1055
Facilitation of return during scene viewing Tim J. Smith John M. Henderson 1083
Distractor effect and saccade amplitudes: Further evidence on different modes of processing in free exploration of visual images Sebastian Pannasch Boris M. Velichkovsky 1109
Gaze allocation in natural stimuli: Comparing free exploration to head-fixed viewing conditions Bernard Marius 't Hart Johannes Vockeroth Frank Schumann Klaus Bartl Erich Schneider Peter König Wolfgang Einhäuser 1132
Gaze control and memory for objects while walking in a real world environment Jason A. Droll Miguel P. Eckstein 1159
Modelling the role of task in the control of gaze Dana H. Ballard Mary M. Hayhoe 1185
Subject Index 1205