Fast Track: Biology: Essential Review for AP, Honors, and Other Advanced Study

by The Princeton Review

Overview

GET UP TO SPEED WITH FAST TRACK: BIOLOGY! Covering the most important material taught in high school biology class, this essential review book breaks need-to-know content into accessible, easily understood lessons.

Inside this book, you'll find:
• Clear, concise summaries of the most important concepts, terms, and functions in biology
• Diagrams, charts, and graphs for quick visual reference
• Easy-to-follow content organization and illustrations

With its friendly, straightforward approach and a clean, modern design crafted to appeal to visual learners, this guidebook is perfect for catching up in class or getting ahead on exam review.

Topics covered in Fast Track: Biology include:
• The chemistry of life
• Cells and cellular energetics
• Molecular genetics
• Heredity and genetics
• Evolutionary biology and natural selection
• Cell reproduction
• Animal structure and function
• Behavior and ecology
• Biostatistics
• Plants
... and more!

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780525570141
Publisher:	Random House Children's Books
Publication date:	12/08/2020
Series:	High School Subject Review: General
Pages:	304
Product dimensions:	5.50(w) x 8.20(h) x 0.70(d)
Age Range:	14 Years

About the Author

The experts at The Princeton Review have been helping students, parents, and educators achieve the best results at every stage of the education process since 1981. The Princeton Review has helped millions succeed on standardized tests and provides expert advice and instruction to help parents, teachers, students, and schools navigate the complexities of school admission. In addition to classroom courses in over 40 states and 20 countries, The Princeton Review also offers online and school-based courses, one-to-one and small-group tutoring, as well as online services in both admission counseling and academic homework help.

Table of Contents

Where to get More [Free] Content xiii

Introduction xiv

Chapter 1 Chemistry of Life 1

1 Organization of Life

2 Essential Elements of Life

3 Water, H₂O

i Water Is a Versatile Solvent

ii Water Molecules Are Cohesive and Adhesive

iii Water Expands When It Freezes

iv Water Can Moderate Temperature Changes

4 Biological Macromolecules

i Dehydration Synthesis

5 Carbohydrates

i Monosaccharides

ii Disaccharides

iii Polysaccharides

6 Proteins

i Amino Acids

ii Protein Structure

7 Lipids

i Triglycerides

ii Phospholipids

iii Cholesterol

8 Nucleic Acids

i Nucleotides

ii DNA

iii DNA vs. RNA

iv Genomes

Chapter 2 Cells 27

1 Living Things

2 What Are the Different Types of Cells?

i Prokaryotic Cells

ii Eukaryotic Cells

3 Organelles

i Plasma Membrane

ii The Nucleus

iii Ribosomes

iv Endoplasmic Reticulum

v Golgi Bodies

vi Mitochondria

vii Cell Wall

viii Chloroplasts

ix Lysosomes

x Centrioles

xi Vacuoles

xii Cytoskeleton

4 Differences in Cell Types

5 Cellular Transport: The Traffic Across Membranes

i Surface Area to Volume Ratio

ii What Passes Through the Membrane?

iii Diffusion and Osmosis

iv Passive Transport

v Active Transport

vi Endocytosis and Exocytosis

6 Cell Junctions

7 Cell Communication

Chapter 3 Cellular Energetics 47

1 Bioenergetics

2 Thermodynamics

i Energy in Reactions

ii Types of Reactions

3 Enzymes

i Binding Partners

ii Enzyme Regulation

iii Regulating Enzymes in Biochemical Pathways

4 Powering Biological Reactions: ATP

5 Aerobic Cell Respiration

i Carbon Flow

ii Energy Flow

iii Locations and Net Output

iv Electron Transport Chain

6 Anaerobic Cell Respiration

Chapter 4 Molecular Genetics 69

1 DNA = Heredity

i Why Is DNA Important?

2 DNA Replication

i Important Key Points about DNA Replication

ii DNA Replication Requires Many Enzymes

iii Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

3 Protein Synthesis

i Types of RNA

ii Transcription

iii DNA Replication vs. Transcription

iv The Genetic Code

v Translation

4 Mutations

i Where Do Mutations Come From?

5 Controlling Gene Expression

i Structure of a Gene

6 Applying Molecular Biology

i Definitions

ii Reagents

7 Viruses

i Lytic Cycle

ii Lysogenic Cycle

iii Transduction

iv Retroviruses

Chapter 5 Heredity and Genetics 99

1 Mendelian Genetics

i Genotype vs. Phenotype

ii Haploid vs. Diploid

iii Chromosome vs. Chromatid

iv Genetic Crosses and Generations

v Monohybrid Cross

vi Dihybrid Cross

vii Testcross

viii Probabilities in Genetics Problems

ix Mendelian Genetics Example

2 Creating New Phenotypes

3 Beyond Mendelian Genetics

i Inheritance of Sex Chromosomes

ii X-Linked Inheritance

iii Autosomal Traits Affected by Sex

iv Autosomal Inheritance in Humans

v Non-Nuclear Inheritance

Chapter 6 Ecolutionary Biology 129

1 Natural Selection

i Evolutionary Fitness

2 Genetic Variation Is Essential For Natural Selection

i Mutation

ii Recombination

iii Gene Transfer

3 Environmental Selective Pressure

i Advantageous Phenotypes Are Selected by Environmental Conditions

ii Selection Results in Evolutionary Change

4 Evidence For Evolution

i Biogeographical Evidence

ii Molecular Evidence

iii Phyiogenetic Trees

iv Comparative Anatomy

5 Beginnings of Life and Speciation Events

i The Origins of Life on Earth

ii Evolution in Motion

iii Adaptations

iv Speciation

6 Population Genetics

i Genetic Diversity Increases the Survival Rate of a Population

ii Environmental Instability Increases Evolution Rates

iii Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

iv Hardy-Weinberg Equations

Chapter 7 Cell Reproduction 151

1 The Cell Cycle

i S Phase and DNA Replication

ii Cell Cycle Control

iii The Cell Cycle

2 Cancer

3 Mitosis

i Machinery of Mitosis

ii Mitosis: The Dance of the Chromoso

4 Meiosis

i Meiosis I

ii Meiosis II

iii Products of Meiosis

1 Nondisjunction

Chapter 8 Animals Structure and Function 175

1 Specialized Body Systems Interact

i Main Body Systems

2 The Immune System

i Non-specific Responses

ii Specific Immune Responses

3 The Nervous System

i Neurons

ii Parts of the Nervous System

iii How Neurons Communicate

4 The Endocrine System

i Hormones

ii Secondary Messengers

iii Feedback

5 Embryonic Development

i Induction

ii Differentiation

iii Stem Cells

iv Apoptosis

Chapter 9 Behavior and Ecology 197

1 Ecosystems, Communities, and Populations

i Ecosystems

ii Community

iii Population and Growth

2 Behavior

i Innate and Learned Behaviors

ii Examples of Behavior

3 Disruptions to Ecosystems

i The Importance of Biodiversity

ii Invasive Species

iii Keystone Species

iv Human Impact

v Natural Disasters

vi Ecological Succession

Chapter 10 Quantitative Biology and Biostatistics 217

1 Data Representations

i Things to Look For

ii Pie Graph

iii Histogram

iv Bar Graph

v Line Graph

vi Box and Whisker

vii Scatterplot

2 Types of Experiments

i Scientific Method

ii Time-Course Experiments

iii Comparative Experiments

iv Association Experiments

3 Probability

i The "AND" Rule

ii The "EITHER/OR" Rule

4 Statistical Significance

i p-values

ii Standard Deviation

iii Standard Error of the Mean

iv Chi-square Goodness of Fit Test

Chapter 11 Plants

1 Plant Cells VS. Animal Cells

2 Plant Structure

i Plant Growth

ii Roots

iii Stems

iv Leaves

v Vascular Tissue

3 Photosynthesis

i Chloroplast Structure

ii Photosynthesis Key Points

iii Light Reactions

iv Dark Reactions

v Summary of Photosynthesis

4 Taxonomy of Plants

i Characteristics of Plants

ii Alternation of Generations

iii Bryophyte Reproduction

iv Angiosperm Reproduction

v Vegetative Propagation

5 Plant Behavior and Communication

i Tropisms