Table of Contents
Introduction xiii
1 Femtocell Design 1
1.1 The Femtocell Concept 2
1.1.1 Market Overview and Direction 7
1.1.2 Insights into the Cellular Roadmap 8
1.2 Femtocell System Benefits 10
1.2.1 Typical Deployment 10
1.2.2 Advantages to the Femtocell User 11
1.2.3 Advantages to the Network Provider 14
1.3 Handset Impact 15
1.3.1 Complexity Discussion 17
1.3.2 Dual-Mode Designs (WLAN+Cellular) 18
1.4 Femtocell Applications 20
1.4.1 Home Usage Models (Femtocell Architecture Overview) 20
1.4.2 Femtocell Protocol Overview 20
References 22
2 3G and LTE Radio Access Technologies 23
2.1 WCDMA Overview 23
2.1.1 Frequency Bands 25
2.1.2 Network Architecture 25
2.1.3 HSPA Overview 37
2.1.4 HSPA Evolution 53
2.1.5 Long-Term Evolution (LTE) Overview 58
References 72
3 Femtocell System Analysis 73
3.1 Deployment Scenarios 73
3.1.1 Handoff Discussion 75
3.2 Path Loss Models 77
3.2.1 Path Loss Model #1 77
3.2.2 Path Loss Model #2 78
3.2.3 Path Loss Model #3 78
3.2.4 Path Loss Model #4 80
3.2.5 Path Loss Model #5 80
3.2.6 Path Loss Comparison 81
3.3 Link Budget 83
3.4 Example Capacity 87
3.5 3GPP RF Specifications 88
3.5.1 Base Station Classes 88
3.5.2 Frequency Bands 88
3.5.3 Base Station Output Power 89
3.5.4 Frequency Error 90
3.5.5 Home Base Station Output Power for Adjacent Channel Protection 90
3.5.6 Reference Sensitivity Level 91
3.6 Implementation Issues 91
References 94
4 Femtocell Architectures 95
4.1 Femtocell Reference Interfaces 95
4.2 IMS Femtocell Architecture 97
4.2.1 CDMA2000 Femtocells 98
4.3 UMTS Femtocell Architecture 114
4.3.1 UMTS Femtocell Signaling Protocols 115
4.3.2 UMTS Femtocell Media Protocols 116
4.3.3 UMTS Femtocell Device Responsibilities 117
4.3.4 HNB Registration 117
4.3.5 User Endpoint Registration 119
4.3.6 User Endpoint Call Origination over Iu-h 120
4.4 LTE Femtocell Architecture 122
4.5 Self-Organizing Femtocell Networks 126
4.6 Femtozones 127
References 128
5 VoIP Fundamentals 129
5.1 Why VoIP 129
5.2 VoIP Signaling Protocols 131
5.2.1 VoIP Termination-Based Signaling Protocols 131
5.2.2 VoIP Session-Based Protocols 144
5.2.3 H.323 144
5.2.4 SIP Introduced 145
5.2.5 SIP Details 145
5.2.6 Session Description Protocol (SDP) 154
5.2.7 SIP Offer/Answer Model 156
References 159
6 Media Protocols over IP 161
6.1 Voice Codecs 161
6.1.1 PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) 162
6.1.2 G.711 A-Law and μ-Law Companding 163
6.1.3 AMR (Adaptive Multirate Compression) 164
6.1.4 AMR-WB (Adaptive Multirate Compression Wide Band) 164
6.1.5 G.718 165
6.1.6 G.721 166
6.1.7 G.722 166
6.2 Video Codecs 166
6.2.1 MPEG 168
6.2.2 H.261, H.262, H.263 169
6.2.3 Video Codec Quality 170
6.3 Text Encoding 170
6.3.1 Short Message Service 171
6.3.2 Instant Messaging 171
6.3.3 MSRP 172
6.3.4 Text over IP 173
6.4 Media Transport Protocols 176
6.4.1 RTP 176
6.4.2 RTCP 178
6.4.3 SRTP/SRCTP 179
References 180
7 Femtocell Security Solutions 183
7.1 Femtocell Security Vulnerabilities 183
7.2 IPsec 185
7.2.1 Authentication Header (AH) 185
7.2.2 Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) 188
7.2.3 IPsec Associations 191
7.3 Cryptographic Hash Algorithms 191
7.4 Air Interface Ciphers 193
7.4.1 Block Ciphers 194
7.4.2 Stream Cipher 195
7.5 Cryptographic Legal Issues 195
7.6 IKE 195
7.7 UICC 198
7.8 Home Device Security 199
References 199
8 Quality of Service 201
8.1 Resource Reservations 202
8.1.1 Policy Servers 202
8.2 Integrated Services 203
8.2.1 RSVP 204
8.3 DiffServ 206
8.4 IntServ and DiffServ Compared 208
8.5 Layer 2 QoS 209
8.6 CAC 210
8.7 Traffic Controls 211
8.8 GPRS QoS 215
References 217
9 IMS Network Architecture 219
9.1 IMS History 219
9.2 IMS Components 220
9.2.1 Access Network 220
9.2.2 IMS Core 221
9.2.3 Home vs. Visited Network Components 230
9.3 IMS Interfaces 231
9.4 IMS Flows 233
9.4.1 Registration Procedure 233
9.4.2 Preconditions 236
9.4.3 IMS Basic Call 236
9.4.4 Ringing/PRACK/200 OK Exchanged 241
9.4.5 Sample SIP Register Message 246
9.4.6 Sample SIP INVITE Message 247
References 248
Index 249