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More About This Textbook
Overview
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A book/disk introduction to probability for students in mathematics, engineering, and the sciences (including the social sciences and management science) who understand elementary calculus. Presents the mathematics of probability theory as well as many examples of applications, covering combinatorial analysis, axioms of probability theory, conditional probability, random variables, expected value, and major theoretical results of probability. Other subjects include Markov chains, information and coding theory, and simulation. Includes chapter summaries, exercises, and answers. This fifth edition notes optional material, and updates examples to be more accessible to students. Chapter exercises are reorganized to present mechanical problems before theoretical exercises. The disk, new to this edition, allows students to perform calculations and simulations. Annotation c. by Book News, Inc., Portland, Or.Product Details
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Meet the Author
Table of Contents
1. Combinatorial Analysis
2. Axioms of Probability
3. Conditional Probability and Independence
4. Random Variables
5. Continuous Random Variables
6. Jointly Distributed Random Variables
7. Properties of Expectation
8. Limit Theorems
9. Additional Topics in Probability
10. Simulation
Appendix A. Answers to Selected Problems
Appendix B. Solutions to Self-Test Problems and Exercises
Index
Preface
This book is intended as an elementary introduction to the theory of probability for students in mathematics, statistics, engineering, and the sciences (including computer science, the social sciences and management science) who possess the prerequisite knowledge of elementary calculus. It attempts to present not only the mathematics of probability theory, but also, through numerous examples, the many diverse possible applications of this subject.
In Chapter 1 we present the basic principles of combinatorial analysis, which are most useful in computing probabilities.
In Chapter 2 we consider theaxioms of probability theory and show how they can be applied to compute various probabilities of interest.
Chapter 3 deals with the extremely important subjects of conditional probability and independence of events. By a series of examples we illustrate how conditional probabilities come into play not only when some partial information is available, but also as a tool to enable us to compute probabilities more easily, even when no partial information is present. This extremely important technique of obtaining probabilities by "conditioning" reappears in Chapter 7, where we use it to obtain expectations.
In Chapters 4, 5, and 6 we introduce the concept of random variables. Discrete random variables are dealt with in Chapter 4, continuous random variables in Chapter 5, and jointly distributed random variables in Chapter 6. The important concepts of the expected value and the variance of a random variable are introduced in Chapters 4 and 5: These quantities are then determined for many of the common types of random variables.
Additional properties of the expected value are considered in Chapter 7. Many examples illustrating the usefulness of the result that the expected value of a sum of random variables is equal to the sum of their expected values are presented. Sections on conditional expectation, including its use in prediction, and moment generating functions are contained in this chapter. In addition, the final section introduces the multi-variate normal distribution and presents a simple proof concerning the joint distribution of the sample mean and sample variance of a sample from a normal distribution.
In Chapter 8 we present the major theoretical results of probability theory. In particular, we prove the strong law of large numbers and the central limit theorem. Our proof of the strong law is a relatively simple one which assumes that the random variables have a finite fourth moment, and our proof of the central limit theorem assumes Levy's continuity theorem. Also in this chapter we present such probability inequalities as Markov's inequality, Chebyshev's inequality, and Chernoff bounds. The final section of Chapter 8 gives a bound on the error involved when a probability concerning a sum of independent Bernoulli random variables is approximated by the corresponding probability for a Poisson random variable having the same expected value.
Chapter 9 presents some additional topics, such as Markov chains, the Poisson process, and an introduction to information and coding theory, and Chapter 10 considers simulation.
The sixth edition continues the evolution and fine tuning of the text. There are many new exercises and examples. Among the latter are examples on utility (Example 4c of Chapter 4), on normal approximations (Example 4i of Chapter 5), on applying the lognormal distribution to finance (Example 3d of Chapter 6), and on coupon collecting with general collection probabilities (Example 2v of Chapter 7). There are also new optional subsections in Chapter 7 dealing with the probabilistic method (Subsection 7.2.1), and with the maximum-minimums identity (Subsection 7.2.2).
As in the previous edition, three sets of exercises are given at the end of each chapter. They are designated as Problems, Theoretical Exercises, and Self-Test Problems and Exercises. This last set of exercises, for which complete solutions appear in Appendix B, is designed to help students test their comprehension and study for exams.
Using the website students will be able to perform calculations and simulations quickly and easily in six key areas: