For the Love of a Dog: Understanding Emotion in You and Your Best Friend

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For the Love of a Dog

Ballantine Books

All right reserved.

ISBN: 0-345-47714-6

Chapter One

An explanation of emotions, and why they are so controversial in animals

At first, all I saw was a white blur out of the corner of my eye. It was a long
way away, maybe five hundred yards, and initially I wasn't sure what it was.
Most of my focus was on my Border Collie Luke, who was running his fastest about
two hundred yards away. I'd sent him on a long out- run toward a flock of sheep
during a "fun day," when herding enthusiasts get together and revel in dogs and
sheep and the sloppy kisses of young puppies.

Many people there that day were serious competitors in herding dog trials, and
were grateful for the opportunity to hone their skills away from home. Luke and
I, however, were there just for the pure joy of it. We loved working together,
Luke and I, finessing sheep gently and quietly across the countryside. A classic
workaholic, Luke loved working sheep so much he had no interest in food, tennis
balls, or even bitches in heat when there was a job to do. For me, watching my
trustworthy black-and-white dog doing a perfect outrun on an emerald-green hill
made my heart get bigger and my soul feel full. That's how I was feeling that
morning as I watched my good old dog run perfectly and reliably toward the
woolies on the far hill.

But all my feelings changed as I realized that the white blur running toward
Luke was a hundred-and-twenty-pound working Great Pyrenees who had escaped
temporary confinement and was barreling down on Luke to protect his flock. We
were on a large, isolated farm with several dispersed flocks of sheep-a
smorgasbord to the coyotes and stray dogs that commonly roam the countryside.
Many of us in southern Wisconsin need working guard dogs to keep our flocks
safe, and this farm had two of them. Unlike my guard dog, Tulip, who now
protects the farm from the living room couch, these dogs lived exclusively with
the flock, and were serious to the bone about killing anything that threatened
their sheep.

As I watched the guard dog run toward Luke, my feelings of joyful fulfillment
were transformed into abject terror. The thought that I was about to watch my
dog being attacked and possibly killed overwhelmed me. I love Luke so much it
almost hurts. In Dog Is My Co-pilot, in an essay about why we love dogs so much,
I said about Luke: "And I still love him so deeply and completely that I imagine
his death to be as if all the oxygen in the air disappeared, and I was left to
try to survive without it."

Horrified at what I thought was about to happen, I screamed, "The guard dog is
out, the guard dog is out!" Stating the obvious wasn't going to solve the
problem, but it seemed to be all I could do. For the longest second imaginable,
my mind was a black hole, as if my emotions had sucked away the rational part of
my brain and left a cavernous skull full of nothing but fear. I can remember
that terror now, and can visualize the scene as if in a photograph:
emerald-green pasture, black-and-white Luke in full stride just where he ought
to be, and a white bullet of doom streaking across the grass toward him.

But what of Luke? What went through his mind as he dashed through in the grass
with a canine hitman running toward him? Was he as scared as I was? And if he
was, how much did his version of being scared resemble mine?

Luke and I were best friends, just as many dogs and humans are best friends all
over the world. As friends do, we shared long cool walks in shady forests, tasty
dinners of roast chicken or lamb, and long sleepy cuddles on the couch in the
depth of winter. We shared hard times loading wild-eyed market lambs on to the
truck, getting lost on back highways late at night while traveling, and making
mistakes while working sheep that cost us valuable time, energy, and on
occasion, a blue ribbon at a herding dog trial. We played together, worked
together, comforted each other, and had an occasional spat. In many ways, our
lives were bound together as tightly as the lives of two human best friends.

But all those experiences don't say much about how we experienced the world
inside our heads. We may have shared external experiences like walks in the
woods and napping on the couch, but what of our internal experience? How much of
that did we share? I've said that sometimes Luke lost his temper with me-but how
could I know that? Without language as a bridge, how can any of us really know
what goes on inside the heads of our dogs?

In one sense, we can't. We can't ever know what it is like to be a dog; some
argue we shouldn't even try. But many of us try to understand the mental lives
of our dogs every day, and we're not going to give up just because the task is
difficult. One of my earliest childhood memories is of lying on the living room
floor wondering what was going on in the mind of my dog, Fudge. I wanted to know
what she was thinking, what she was feeling. Even at the age of five or six I
wondered, What is life like inside her soft, furry little head? Is she happy? Is
she sad?

These are reasonable questions for any dog lover to ask. Our emotional
connection to our dogs is the fundamental glue that binds us to them, and it's
natural to want to know more about their emotional connections to us. We can't
have long intellectual discussions with our dogs as we do with our human
friends; perhaps that's part of the attraction. Our intelligence and ability to
use language can make our human relationships pretty complicated, as any
marriage and family therapist can tell you. Our relationships with dogs are
simpler in many ways than our relationships with people, but simplicity doesn't
necessarily make something less important. E = mc2 is simple, but it's an
equation of great value. Perhaps our emotional connection to dogs is similar:
pure, primal, and as basic as oxygen and water.

I don't remember whether I ran forward or stood frozen in fear during that
endless second when Luke was in danger, but it was only a moment or two before a
woman behind me calmly said, "Down your dog." I will forever be grateful to her,
because this was perfect advice. A working guard dog is unlikely to be
aggressive to a dog who lies down and stays still when approached, rather than
running at the sheep like a hungry wolf. "Lie down!" I bellowed, and two hundred
yards away, Luke hit the dirt like a Marine on maneuvers.

If Luke had been a much younger dog, he might have kept running. Asking a dog to
stop on his outrun goes against his nature, and although an experienced
trial-ready dog should be able to do it, it's an advanced skill that takes some
serious teamwork to achieve.

Luke's age and training might have saved his life, because he dropped to the
ground at my first request. Just in time: the guard dog got to him within
seconds. "Stay there," I said in a low, steady voice, finally coming to my
senses enough to be able to function. Luke stayed motionless, glued to the
hillside, while the Pyrenees sniffed him from head to toe. (Well, really it was
from rear end to muzzle, but you know what I mean.)

Although I was still terrified about what might happen to Luke, my brain was
working again, and I was able to remember that my own guard dog insisted on
inspecting any visiting dog from tail to collar. Tulip has been aggressive
toward a visiting dog only once-when it ran away from her instead of standing
still for scrutiny. I'm reminded of airport security guards, who are benevolent
if we accept their inspections, but who react instantly to anyone who resists.
Tulip behaves in a similar way, and once she's cleared canine travelers of
harboring some doggy equivalent of sharp objects, she ignores them or invites
them to play. That's exactly what happened that morning at the fun day. After a
round of intense sniffing, the dog trotted off to check in with his flock. Soon
his owner came and put him away, and Luke was able to complete his outrun and
ease the sheep down the hill to me.

We had a great time working the flock after the interlude with the guard dog,
and drove home tired from our day outside in the fresh air. Later I told a
client about what had happened, and she suggested that Luke had probably been
traumatized by it. "Look at poor old Brandy here [the dog lying at her feet, in
my office for a serious case of dog-dog aggression]. He's never gotten over
being attacked by that Black Lab at the dog park. You can see it right now in
his eyes."

It was hard to see Brandy's eyes, covered as they were by champagne- colored
bangs, but what I could see looked pretty much like the eyes of a dog happily
chewing on the bone I'd provided. I'm not saying Brandy couldn't have been
traumatized at the dog park. (We'll talk later about how traumatic events can
affect the behavior of a dog years after their occurrence, just as they can in
humans.) But if I had to make my own guess about what internal state Brandy's
eyes were expressing in my office, it would have been contentment, not trauma.

WHAT ARE EMOTIONS, ANYWAY?

It's not surprising that people don't always agree with others about what
emotion their dog is feeling. Emotions are complicated things, and it's worth
taking a fresh look at them before we try to expand our understanding of our
dogs' emotional lives.

Emotions may be primitive and primal, but that doesn't mean they are easy to
understand. Now that we're finally getting around to studying them, emotions are
turning out to be amazingly interesting and complicated biological processes.
Most scientists agree that mammals such as dogs are capable of basic emotions
like fear, anger, and happiness, but they don't agree on how they actually
experience them. Surely, on the one hand it's a simple issue-if Luke saw an
aggressive dog running toward him, why wouldn't he be fearful in much the same
way that I was?

Ah, but on the other hand being scared is an emotional experience driven by the
brain, and the only simple thing about the brain is the fact that we still
haven't begun to comprehend it. No wonder: there are about a hundred billion
neurons in the human brain, all linked together by ten trillion connections.
Because of this level of complexity, our understanding of the biology of
emotions is primitive at best. This makes it especially challenging to compare
emotions in people and dogs, but the last few decades of research have taught us
so much about the biology of emotions that it's more than reasonable to try. A
good place to start is an examination of what we know about our own emotions.

Surely we all know what we're talking about when we're discussing emotions, but
what would you say if someone asked you to define them? Beyond the labels we
give them-fear, anger, joy-what exactly are emotions, and how are they created
inside you? If you struggle with a precise definition, don't feel bad: you're
not alone. According to Antonio Damasio, an internationally acclaimed expert on
emotion and the brain, our feelings are the least understood of all mental
phenomena. They are also the most ubiquitous and probably the most ancient, so
it's surprising that we've only recently attempted to sort them out. It took
scientists like Damasio to dismiss the arguments of early behaviorists that we
shouldn't attempt to understand emotions because, as subjective internal
processes, they were "beyond the bounds of science." It turns out that's not
even close to true; Damasio and others have proven that the biology of emotion
is as accessible as the biology of hearing, vision, or memory.

This doesn't mean that research on emotions is easy. Emotions are slippery
things, in some ways as hard to separate from our bodies and minds as it is to
separate egg yolks from egg whites once you've mixed them together. As the
neurologist John Ratey says: "Emotion is messy, complicated, primitive, and
undefined because it's all over the place." You can't sit back and examine your
own emotions as if in a petri dish, because they come along with you. We do know
that emotions-like joy, fear, and anger affect the mind and body in predictable
ways. An emotion like fear includes physiological changes in your body (your
heart starts pounding when you see your dog running toward the road), visible
changes in expression (you freeze in place, your pupils dilate, your eyes
widen), conscious thoughts ("Oh no! There's a car coming!"), and feelings (your
conscious experience of fear and panic). Thus, every emotion includes (1)
changes in the body; (2) changes in expression; and (3) the feelings and
thoughts that go along with them.

(Continues...)

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Excerpted from For the Love of a Dog
by Patricia McConnell
Copyright © 2006 by Patricia McConnell.
Excerpted by permission.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
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