Table of Contents
List of Illustrations xiii
Preface xv
Part I Turning Our World Upside Down
1 Introduction
Welcome to the jungle 3
A bird's-eye view of the journey 6
The Cartesian wound 13
Cartesian gravity 16
2 Before Bacteria and Bach
Why Bach? 23
How investigating the prebiotic world is like playing chess 26
3 On the Origin of Reasons
The death or rebirth of teleology? 33
Different senses of "why" 38
The evolution of "why": from how come to what for 40
Go forth and multiply 43
4 Two Strange Inversions of Reasoning
How Darwin and Turing broke a spell 53
Ontology and the manifest image 60
Automating the elevator 63
The intelligent designers of Oak Ridge and GOFAI 70
5 The Evolution of Understanding
Animals designed to deal with affordances 76
Higher animals as intentional systems: the emergence of comprehension 84
Comprehension comes in degrees 94
Part II From Evolution to Intelligent Design
6 What Is Information?
Welcome to the Information Age 105
How can we characterize semantic information? 113
Trade secrets, patents, copyright, and Bird's influence on bebop 128
7 Darwinian Spaces: An Interlude
A new tool for thinking about evolution 137
Cultural evolution: inverting a Darwinian Space 146
8 Brains Made of Brains
Top-down computers and bottom-up brains 150
Competition and coalition in the brain 154
Neurons, mules, and termites 160
How do brains pick up affordances? 165
Feral neurons? 171
9 The Role of Words in Cultural Evolution
The evolution of words 176
Looking more closely at words 182
How do words reproduce? 190
10 The Meme's-Eye Point of View
Words and other memes 205
What's good about memes? 209
11 What's Wrong with Memes? Objections and Replies
Memes don't exist! 221
Memes are described as "discrete" and "faithfully transmitted", but much in cultural change is neither 224
Memes, unlike genes, don't have competing alleles at a locus 233
Memes add nothing to what we already know about culture 237
The would-be science of memetics is not predictive 241
Memes can't explain cultural features, while traditional social sciences can 242
Cultural evolution is Lamarckian 243
12 The Origins of Language
The chicken-egg problem 248
Winding paths to human language 265
13 The Evolution of Cultural Evolution
Darwinian beginnings 282
The free-floating rationales of human communication 287
Using our tools to think 294
The age of intelligent design 301
Pinker, Wilde, Edison, and Frankenstein 316
Bach as a landmark of intelligent design 324
The evolution of the selective environment for human culture 330
Part III Turning Our Minds Inside Out
14 Consciousness as an Evolved User-Illusion
Keeping an open mind about minds 335
How do human brains achieve "global" comprehension using "local" competences? 340
How did our manifest image become manifest to us? 343
Why do we experience things the way we do? 346
Hume's strange inversion of reasoning 354
A red stripe as an intentional object 358
What is Cartesian gravity and why does it persist? 364
15 The Age of Post-Intelligent Design
What are the limits of our comprehension? 371
"Look Ma, no hands!" 379
The structure of an intelligent agent 388
What will happen to us? 400
Home at last 410
Appendix: The Background 415
References 425
Index 447