Table of Contents
Illustrations xv
Preface xvii
Abbreviations xxiii
Part 1 The Main Themes of the Pentateuch
1 An Overview of the Pentateuch 3
2 God's Temple-City 9
Introduction 9
The Earth as God's Temple-City 12
The Garden of Eden as Sanctuary 13
Humanity's Royal Status 15
The Great Betrayal 17
The Tower of Babel/Babylon 19
Summary 21
New Testament Connections 22
3 The Royal Lineage in Genesis 25
Introduction 25
The Structure of Genesis 26
The Chosen "Seed" 27
The Lineage of Adam 28
Summary 36
New Testament Connections 36
4 The Blessing of the Nations 39
Introduction 39
Creator and Creation in Harmony 40
In the Garden of Eden 41
Outside Eden 43
Abraham and the Blessing of the Nations 45
Blessing in the Remainder of Genesis 48
Summary 53
New Testament Connections 54
5 Paradise Lost 55
Introduction 55
The Creation of the Earth 56
Expelled from Eden 57
Cain, a Restless Wanderer on the Earth 58
The Flood Narrative 58
Noah, a Man of the Soil 60
The Table of Nations 60
The Abraham Narrative 60
The Jacob Story 62
The Joseph-Judah Story 63
Summary 65
New Testament Connections 65
6 By Faith Abraham… 67
Introduction 67
Overview of the Abraham Narrative 68
The Divine Call of Abraham in Genesis 12:1-3 69
The Unconditional Promissory Covenant of Genesis 15 70
The Eternal Covenant of Circumcision 71
The Divine Oath in Genesis 22:16-18 74
Summary 77
New Testament Connections 78
7 Who Is the Lord? 82
Introduction 82
The Israelites in Egypt 85
The Lord Reveals Himself to Moses 86
Signs and Wonders in Egypt 88
The Sinai Covenant 91
Summary 94
New Testament Connections 94
8 The Passover 98
Introduction 98
Consecration Rituals 100
The Account of the Passover 102
The Purpose of the Passover Ritual 104
Summary 107
Mew Testament Connections 107
9 The Covenant at Sinai 110
Introduction 110
The Principal Covenant Obligations: The Ten Commandments (Exod. 20:1-17) 112
First Commandment (Exod. 20:3) 113
Second Commandment (Exod. 20:4-6) 113
Third Commandment (Exod. 20:7) 113
Fourth Commandment (Exod. 20:8-11) 114
Fifth Commandment (Exod. 20:12) 114
Sixth Commandment (Exod. 20:13) 114
Seventh Commandment (Exod. 20:14) 115
Eighth Commandment (Exod. 20:15) 115
Ninth Commandment (Exod. 20:16) 115
Tenth Commandment (Exod. 20:17) 116
The Detailed Covenant Obligations 116
The Legal Material of the Book of the Covenant (Exod. 21:1-22:20) 116
Moral Symmetry 117
The Sanctity of Life 118
Moral Imperatives (Exod. 22:21-23:9) 119
Instructions for the Sabbath and Religious Festivals (Exod. 23:10-19) 120
The Reciprocal Nature of the Covenant (Exod. 23:20-33) 120
The Ratification of the Covenant 120
Rebellion in the Camp 121
Summary 122
New Testament Connections 123
Jesus and the Law 123
Paid and the Law 125
The New Covenant 125
10 The Tabernacle 127
Introduction 127
A Holy Tent 129
A Dwelling 134
A Tent of Meeting 137
The Provision of Materials and Skilled Craftsmen 139
Summary 140
New Testament Connections 141
11 Be Holy 143
Introduction 143
Holy, Clean, and Unclean 145
Holiness 150
Uncleanness 152
The Relationship between Holiness and Uncleanness 152
Summary 153
New Testament Connections 153
12 The Sacrificial System 156
Introduction 156
The General Pattern for Animal Sacrifices 158
The Five Types of Sacrifices 160
The Burnt/Ascension Offering (Lev. 1:2-17; 6:8-13) 161
The Grain Offering (Lev. 2:1-16; 6:14-23) 162
The Fellowship/Peace Offering (Lev. 3:1-17; 7:11-21) 162
The Sin/Purification Offering (Lev. 4:1-5:13; 6:24-30) 163
The Guilt/Reparation Offering (Lev. 5:14-6:7; 7:1-10) 164
The Day of Atonement (Lev. 16:1-34) 164
The Purification of the Sanctuary 165
The Scapegoat 165
The Burnt/Ascension Offerings 166
Summary 166
New Testament Connections 166
Jesus Christ as a Sacrifice 167
Jesus Christ as High Priest 167
13 The Clean and the Unclean Foods 169
Introduction 169
The Food Regulations Summarized 170
The Function of the Food Regulations 170
The Rationale behind the Clean/Unclean Classification 172
The Blood Prohibition 173
Summary 173
New Testament Connections 174
14 Toward the Promised Land 177
Introduction 177
Preparations for the Journey 178
The Role of the Levites 180
Further Preparations to Enter the Land of Canaan 182
Summary 184
New Testament Connections 184
15 Murmurings 185
Introduction 185
Murmurings against the Lord 186
Challenges against Those in Authority 189
Religious Apostasy 191
Destination-the Promised Land 192
Summary 193
New Testament Connections 193
16 Love and Loyalty 196
Introduction 196
Deuteronomy and Ancient Near Eastern Treaties 198
Love the Lord 200
Be Loyal to the Lord 204
Summary 205
New Testament Connections 206
17 Why Israel? 208
Introduction 208
The Election of Israel 209
Israel and the Nations 214
Election and Responsibility 217
Summary 219
New Testament Connections 220
18 The Pentateuch and the Biblical Metanarrative 222
From Creation to Re-creation, from Garden to City 223
The Lion and the Lamb 225
Priest-Kings and Holy Nation 226
Part 2 Pentateuchal Criticism
19 Introduction to Pentateuchal Criticism 229
Source Criticism 230
Form Criticism 230
Traditio-historical Criticism 231
Literary Criticism 231
20 The Rise of the Documentary Hypothesis 233
The Older Documentary Hypothesis 234
The Fragmentary Hypothesis 238
The Supplementary Hypothesis 240
The New Documentary Hypothesis 241
The Documentary Hypothesis of Graf, Vatke, and Wellhausen 242
Models for Explaining the Composition of the Pentateuch 245
Distinctive Vocabulary 246
The Divine Names in Genesis 247
Doublets 250
Implications for the History of Israelite Religion 252
Conclusion 258
21 Going Behind the Documents 259
Form Criticism 259
Traditio-historical Criticism 262
The Limitations of Traditio-historical Criticism Illustrated 267
22 The Documentary Hypothesis under Threat 271
Modifications to the Documentary Hypothesis 271
The J Source 272
The E Source 275
The D Source 278
The P Source 281
Alternatives to the Documentary Hypothesis 283
Winnett, Wagner, Redford, and Van Seters 284
Rendtorff and Blum 286
Whybray 293
Neo-Documentary Hypothesis 295
Further Observations 297
Source Criticism under the Spotlight 299
23 Exodus 19:1-31:18-a Test Case 302
Narrative Framework of Divine Speeches in 19:3-6; 20:22-24:2 303
Exodus 20:22 and the Decalogue 309
Deuteronomtstic Redaction and the Sinai Narrative 310
The Source Analysis of Exodus 19 313
The Tabernacle 319
Conclusion 329
24 The Future of Pentateuchal Studies 331
Looking to the Future 331
When Was the Pentateuch Composed? 333
The Date of Final Editing 336
Latest Tradition 336
External Evidence 342
Why Was the Pentateuch Composed? 346
Conclusion 357
Recommended Further Reading 361
Author Index 393
Scripture Index 397
Subject Index 413
