Gorilla Society: Conflict, Compromise, and Cooperation Between the Sexes / Edition 1 available in Paperback, eBook
Gorilla Society: Conflict, Compromise, and Cooperation Between the Sexes / Edition 1
- ISBN-10:
- 0226316033
- ISBN-13:
- 9780226316031
- Pub. Date:
- 08/15/2007
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- ISBN-10:
- 0226316033
- ISBN-13:
- 9780226316031
- Pub. Date:
- 08/15/2007
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
Gorilla Society: Conflict, Compromise, and Cooperation Between the Sexes / Edition 1
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Overview
Societies develop as a result of the interactions of individuals as they compete and cooperate with one another in the evolutionary struggle to survive and reproduce successfully. Gorilla society is arranged according to these different and sometimes conflicting evolutionary goals of the sexes. In seeking to understand why gorilla society exists as it does, Alexander H. Harcourt and Kelly J. Stewart bring together extensive data on wild gorillas, collected over decades by numerous researchers working in diverse habitats across Africa, to illustrate how the social system of gorillas has evolved and endured.
Gorilla Society introduces recent theories explaining primate societies, describes gorilla life history, ecology, and social systems, and explores both sexes’ evolutionary strategies of survival and reproduction. With a focus on the future, Harcourt and Stewart conclude with suggestions for future research and conservation. An exemplary work of socioecology from two of the world’s best known gorilla biologists, Gorilla Society will be a landmark study on a par with the work of George Schaller—a synthesis of existing research on these remarkable animals and the societies in which they live.
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9780226316031 |
---|---|
Publisher: | University of Chicago Press |
Publication date: | 08/15/2007 |
Edition description: | New Edition |
Pages: | 416 |
Sales rank: | 965,969 |
Product dimensions: | 6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x 1.30(d) |
About the Author
Alexander H. Harcourt is professor of anthropology at the University of California, Davis. Kelly J. Stewart is research associate in the Department of Anthropology at the University of California, Davis.
Kelly J. Stewart is research associate in the Department of Anthropology at the University of California, Davis.
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments PART. INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Summary The Book’s Aim 1.1. What Is a Society? What Is Socioecology? 1.2. Why Primate Socioecology?
1.2.1. The tropics are little known 1.2.2. Primates are relatively well known 1.2.3. Primates are diverse 1.2.4. Primate males and females live together 1.2.5. The study of primates
1.3. Why Gorilla Socioecology? Structure of the Book Figure Details
CHAPTER 2 PRIMATE SOCIOECOLOGY: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Summary 2.1. Socioecology
2.1.1. Introduction 2.1.2. Females to food, males to females
2.2. Food and Society
2.2.1. Body size, food, and society 2.2.2. Food and competition
2.2.2.1. The nature of the food affects the nature of competition 2.2.2.2. The nature of competition affects the nature of the society
2.2.3. Food, competition, cooperation, and grouping
2.2.3.1. Grouping increases competition 2.2.3.2. Food and the benefits of cooperation in competition as a cause of grouping
2.3. Predation and Society
2.3.1. Primates are preyed upon and have evolved antipredator strategies
2.3.2. Body size and predation 2.3.3. Predation and grouping
2.3.3.1. Grouping within species protects from predation 2.3.3.2. Grouping evolved for protection from predation? 2.3.3.3. Grouping with a male for protection from predation
2.4. Mating and Society
2.4.1. Mating competition among males and sexual dimorphism
2.4.1.1. Sexual dimorphism and body size 2.4.1.2. Sexual dimorphism and group size
2.4.2. Male-male mating competition and access to females: Male-female association
2.4.2.1. Association for male care 2.4.2.2. Association without active care? 2.4.2.3. Association to mate-guard 2.4.2.4. Association to guard against infanticide 2.4.2.5. More than one male associating 2.4.2.6. Breaking the association—emigration 2.4.2.7. No association—roving males
2.4.3. Male-male mating competition and infanticide: Male-female conflict 2.4.4. Female and male responses to mating competition
2.4.4.1. Female responses to harassment and infanticide 2.4.4.2. Male responses to female responses
2.5. Rearing and Society
2.5.1. Need for help: Male-female association 2.5.2. Female competition to rear
Conclusion Statistical Details
PART GORILLAS, ECOLOGY, AND SOCIETY CHAPTER 3 INTRODUCING GORILLAS: SOME BACKGROUND
Summary 3.1. Distribution, Taxonomy, and Study Sites
3.1.1. Distribution: Where gorillas live 3.1.2. Taxonomy: How many species? 3.1.3. Study sites
3.1.3.1. Mountain gorillas 3.1.3.2. Eastern lowland, or Grauer’s gorillas 3.1.3.3. Western gorillas
3.1.4. Comparison with Pan and Pongo
3.2. Life History and Reproduction
3.2.1. Introduction 3.2.2. Body size and sexual dimorphism 3.2.3. Maturation and reproduction
3.2.3.1. Infants to subadults 3.2.3.2. Maturity and reproduction in males 3.2.3.3. Maturity and reproduction in females
3.2.4. Mortality
3.2.4.1. Mortality rates 3.2.4.2. Causes of mortality
3.2.5. Life span 3.2.6. Lifetime reproduction 3.2.7. Comparison with Pan and Pongo
Conclusion Table Details Figure Details
CHAPTER 4 GORILLA ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY: A BRIEF DESCRIPTION
4.1. Gorilla Ecology Summary: Gorilla Ecology Introduction: Gorilla Ecology
4.1.1. Body size and diet 4.1.2. General habitat and food preferences 4.1.3. Diet, altitude, and season
4.1.3.1. Western gorillas 4.1.3.2. Eastern lowland, or Grauer’s gorillas 4.1.3.3. Mountain gorillas
4.1.4. Diet and daily ranging: Variation in foraging effort 4.1.5. Diet and home range size 4.1.6. Ecology and group cohesion 4.1.7. Ecology and population density 4.1.8. Comparison with Pan and Pongo
4.1.8.1. Pan 4.1.8.2. Pongo
Conclusion: Gorilla Ecology 4.2. Gorilla Society Summary: Gorilla Society Introduction: Gorilla Society
4.2.1. Social structure and social processes
4.2.1.1. Group size and composition; population structure 4.2.1.2. Dispersal; group formation, transition, and demise 4.2.1.3. Infanticide 4.2.1.4. Interunit encounters
4.2.2. Social relationships
4.2.2.1. Relationships between adult males and females 4.2.2.2. Relationships between adult females 4.2.2.3. Relationships between adult males 4.2.2.4. The social relationships of immature animals
4.2.3. Comparison with Pan and Pongo
4.2.3.1. Pan 4.2.3.2. Pongo
Conclusion: Gorilla Society Figure Details Statistical Details
PART FEMALE STRATEGIES AND GORILLA SOCIETY
Summary
CHAPTER 5 FEMALE STRATEGIES AND SOCIETY: FOOD AND GROUPING47
Summary Introduction: Gorillas; Food, Competition, and Cooperation 5.1. Female Strategies: Food, Competition, and Grouping
5.1.1. Do gorilla females compete over food? 5.1.2. Is the competition important? 5.1.3. Conclusion: Food, competition, and grouping
5.2. Female Strategies: Food, Cooperation, and Emigration
5.2.1. Do gorilla females cooperate in competition over food?
5.2.2. Is the cooperation important? 5.2.3. Conclusion: Food, cooperation, and emigration
5.3. Comparison with Pan and Pongo Conclusion Figure Details Statistical Details
CHAPTER 6 FEMALE STRATEGIES: MALE INFLUENCES ON FEMALES’ COMPETITION, COOPERATION, AND GROUPING
Summary 6.1. The Male Is a Major Competitor 6.2. The Male Mitigates Competition Among Females 6.3. The Male Mitigates the Benefits of Females’ Cooperation 6.4. Comparison with Pan and Pongo Conclusion Figure Details Statistical Details
CHAPTER 7 FEMALE STRATEGIES: MALE INFLUENCES; JOINING A PROTECTIVE MALE87
Summary 7.1. Protection from Predation Summary: Protection from Predation
7.1.1. Female gorillas associate with a male for defense against predators88 7.1.2. Females join males 7.1.3. Gorillas are preyed upon 7.1.4. Males protect females
7.1.4.1. The male protects females (and their offspring) against predators 7.1.4.2. Females (and immature animals) act as if they perceive that the male is a protector against predators
7.1.5. Comparison with Pan and Pongo
Conclusion: Escaping Predation as the Cause of Females’ Association with a Male 7.2. Protection from Infanticide Summary: Protection from Infanticide
7.2.1. Infanticide in gorillas 7.2.2. Female gorillas associate with a powerful male for protection against infanticide by other males
7.2.2.1. Males protect against infanticide 7.2.2.2. Females associate with a male for protection against infanticide 7.2.2.3. Females associate with a male for protection against infanticide: A model 7.2.2.4. The model’s conclusions 7.2.2.5. Criticism of the model
7.2.3. Comparison with Pan and Pongo
Conclusion: Escaping Infanticide as the Cause of Females’ Association with a Male 7.3. Conclusion: Predation or Infanticide?
7.3.1. Predation is the primary cause of association 7.3.2. Infanticide is the primary cause of association 7.3.3. The hypotheses cannot yet be separated?
Figure Details
CHAPTER 8 FEMALE STRATEGIES: MALE INFLUENCES; EMIGRATION AND CHOICE OF MALES5
Summary Introduction 8.1. Female Emigration and Mate Choice: Finding a Better Protector 8.2. Female Emigration and Mate Choice: Avoiding Inbreeding
8.2.1. Evidence for avoidance of inbreeding 8.2.2. Incest in gorillas: Inbreeding is not always avoided 8.2.3. Minimal costs to inbreeding?
8.3. Comparison with Pan and Pongo Conclusion Figure Details Statistical Details
CHAPTER 9 FEMALE STRATEGIES: CONFLICT, COMPROMISE, AND COOPERATION BETWEEN THE SEXES
Summary 9.1. Gorilla Female Society
9.1.1. Food and society 9.1.2. Protection and society: The male’s influence 9.1.3. Emigration by females: The male’s influence
9.2. Gorilla Society: An Unusually Strong Influence of Males? 9.3. Gorilla Society: An Unusual Product from Interaction of Usual Rules Statistical Details
PART MALE STRATEGIES AND GORILLA SOCIETY
Summary CHAPTER 10. MALE STRATEGIES AND SOCIETY: INFLUENCES OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND OF FEMALES Summary 10.1. Association as a Means of Access to Females
10.1.1. Means of access to females
10.1.2. Gorillas cannot be territorial as a mate access strategy 10.1.3. Gorillas cannot roam, but must associate permanently
10.2. Predation, Infanticide, and Association with Females 10.3. Comparison with Pan and Pongo
10.3.1. Finding females: Roam or stay? 10.3.2. Predation and association
Conclusion A robust model, and therefore the right answer? Added variations Are female strategies irrelevant to males? Figure Details
CHAPTER 11. MALE MATING STRATEGIES AND GORILLA SOCIETY
Summary 11.1. Competition to Be Sole Breeder
11.1.1. Gorilla society as a one-male mating system 11.1.2. The reproductive payoffs of infanticide 11.1.3. Male competitive tactics: Mate acquisition versus mate retention and offspring protection
11.1.3.1. Contests during interunit encounters 11.1.3.2. Why are there no male takeovers? The influence of females on the stability of male-female associations
11.1.4. Mating competition in multi-male groups
11.1.4.1. Breeding success and mating competition: The importance of being dominant 11.1.4.2. Mating competition and male-female interactions: Coercion and mate-guarding
11.1.5. Female choice and male mating competition 11.1.6. Long-term reproductive strategies
11.1.6.1. The wooing of females by subordinate males 11.1.6.2. Control of female aggression
11.2. Maturing Males: Stay or Emigrate?
11.2.1. Breeding tenure and number of mates 11.2.2. Why dominant males tolerate younger rivals? 11.2.3. Staying versus dispersing 11.2.4. Reproductive payoffs of different male strategies 11.2.5. Why leave?
11.3. Variation Across Gorilla Populations
11.3.1. Differences in rates of male dispersal
11.3.1.1. Ecological constraints on group size, male mating competition, and male emigration 11.3.1.2. Interaction of male and female strategies and the perpetuation of group structure 11.3.1.3. Lower risk of infanticide
11.3.2. Differences in predictability of infanticide and nature of interunit encounters
11.3.2.1. Demographic influences on mating competition 11.3.2.2. Familiarity and relatedness between males and females of different groups
11.4. Comparison with Pan and Pongo
11.4.1. Common chimpanzees
11.4.2. Bonobos 11.4.3. Pongo
Conclusion Figure Details Statistical Details
CHAPTER 12. MALE STRATEGIES AND THE NATURE OF SOCIETY: CONFLICT, COMPROMISE, AND COOPERATION BETWEEN THE SEXES
Summary 12.1. Gorilla Society: The Influence of Females on Males 12.2. Gorilla Society: The Influence of Males on Females 12.3. Gorilla Society: Conflict, Compromise, and Cooperation 12.4. Males and Society: A Familiar Case Study? 12.5. Males and Society: An Unfamiliar Case Study?
PART GORILLA SOCIETY: THE FUTURE CHAPTER 13. GORILLA AND PRIMATE SOCIOECOLOGY: THE FUTURE
Summary 13.1. Gorilla Society Yesterday 13.2. Gorilla Society Today 13.3. Gorilla and Primate Society Tomorrow
13.3.1. Phylogeny, environment, and society? 13.3.2. Diet, competition, cooperation, and grouping?
13.3.2.1. Frugivore-folivore differences 13.3.2.2. Cooperation 13.3.2.3. Some methodology
13.3.3. Intermale competition?
13.3.3.1. Number of males per group 13.3.3.2. Intergroup aggression and kinship 13.3.3.3. Duration of male tenure
13.3.4. The fate of dispersers? 13.3.5. Within-species community structure? 13.3.6. Sexual selection, environment, and society: Predation versus infanticide? 13.3.7. Schemas, quantification, modeling, and experiments?
13.3.7.1. Categorization, quantification, and definition 13.3.7.2. Modeling 13.3.7.3. Experimentation
13.3.8. Communication between primate socioecology and human socioecology?
13.3.9. More fieldwork?
13.3.9.1. Three areas of ignorance 13.3.9.2. Gorilla socioecology
CHAPTER 14. SOCIOECOLOGY AND GORILLA CONSERVATION
Summary Introduction 14.1. Conservation’s Five Questions: Why? What? How Much? Where? How?
14.1.1. Why conserve? 14.1.2. What to conserve?
14.1.2.1. The Red List classification of the gorilla 14.1.2.2. Some reflections on the Red List
14.1.3. How much? 14.1.4. Where? 14.1.5. How?
14.1.5.1. Africa is poor 14.1.5.2. Protected areas and tourism?
14.2. Socioecology and Conservation
14.2.1. Is biology necessary? 14.2.2. How can socioecology help? 14.2.3. Socioecology and demography 14.2.4. Socioecology and reaction to the environment 14.2.5. Socioecology of human use of the environment 14.2.6. Socioecology and active management 14.2.7. Socioecology and tourism: The relevance of socioecology 14.2.8. Socioecologists and conservation 14.2.9. Conservation and socioecology
Conclusion
Table Details Figure Details Statistical Details References Author Index Subject Index