GPS Navigation For Dummies

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GPS For Dummies gives new meaning to finding yourself. In fact, with a GPS (global positioning system) receiver, you can determine precisely where you are anywhere on this planet. If you’re are planning on buying a GPS receiver or if you have one and want to get your money’s worth, this guide tells you what you need to know, including:

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Overview


GPS For Dummies gives new meaning to finding yourself. In fact, with a GPS (global positioning system) receiver, you can determine precisely where you are anywhere on this planet. If you’re are planning on buying a GPS receiver or if you have one and want to get your money’s worth, this guide tells you what you need to know, including:

Basic GPS principles and concepts such as waypoints, routes, tracks, and coordinate systems



• Recommended features for GPS receivers to be used in various types of activities, including hiking, mountain biking, cross country skiing, geocaching, hunting, ATVing, mapping, and more

• How to do digital mapping on your computer, including software packages you can use to work with aerial photos, topographic maps, and road maps

• The main providers of digital map data for the U.S. and their Web sites

• The scoop on geocaching—a high-tech treasure hunt



Written by Joel McNamara, avid outdoorsman, adventure racer, search and rescue team member, and author of Secrets of Computer Espionage, GPS for Dummies is ideal for both ordinary travelers and exotic explorers. It covers a world of GPS info such as:



• Choosing features for a GPS receiver, including the screen, an alarm, built-in maps, an electric compass, an altimeter, antennas, interface modes, and more

• Systems for traveling on the main roads and systems for exploring off the beaten path

• Using GPS with a PDA (personal digital assistant)

• Computer requirements for different mapping choices

• Topographic map softwarefrom Maptech, DeLorme, and National Geographic that’s for off-road use

• Using Web-hosted mapping services, including street maps, topographic maps, aerial photos, and U.S. government-produced maps

• Incorporating GPS receivers into outdoor workouts, with tips for specific sports including cycling, golf, rowing, and more



A companion Web site has links to all kinds of free maps and resources. So explore on your computer and then explore for real! With GPS for Dummies, you’ll find yourself having adventures!

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Product Details

  • ISBN-13: 9780764569333
  • Publisher: Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated
  • Publication date: 5/31/2004
  • Series: For Dummies Series
  • Edition number: 1
  • Pages: 408
  • Product dimensions: 7.25 (w) x 9.10 (h) x 0.75 (d)

Meet the Author


Joel McNamara first got involved with digital maps in the early 1980’s. At the time he was studying archeology and instead of going out and playing Indiana Jones, he found himself in front of a computer monitor trying to predict where archeological sites were located based on LANDSAT satellite data.
The lure of computers ultimately led to his defection from academia to the software industry, where he worked as a programmer, technical writer, and manager; eventually ending up at a rather large software company based in Redmond, Washington. Joel now writes and consults on technology he finds interesting, such as GPS and digital maps.
Over the years he’s had practical experience using GPS and maps for wildland firefighting, search and rescue, and disaster response and planning. He’s also an avid user of the great outdoors (which means there’s way too much gear in his garage), competes in adventure races and other endurance sports, and so far has always found his way back home. In his spare time he volunteers for a federal Disaster Medical Assistance Team.
This is his second book. The first was Secrets of Computer Espionage: Tactics & Countermeasures (also published by Wiley), a reference guide for computer security practitioners and anyone interested in stopping sneaky spies.
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Table of Contents

Introduction 1
Who This Book Is For 2
Setting Some GPS Expectations 3
How This Book Is Organized 4
Some Opening Thoughts 6
Part I All About Digital Maps 9
Chapter 1 Getting Started with Digital Maps 11
What Is a Digital Map? 11
Mapping Programs 13
Using Digital Maps 15
Mapping Software: The Essentials 15
Chapter 2 Dissecting Maps 21
Discovering the Types of Maps 21
Figuring Out Map Projections 27
Map Datums 27
Working with Map Coordinate Systems 28
Measuring Map Scales 36
Looking at Map Symbols 38
Digital Map Data 39
Part II All About GPS 47
Chapter 3 GPS Fundamentals 49
What Is GPS? 49
How GPS Works 50
Information from GPS Receivers 58
GPS Receiver Features 59
The Future of GPS 68
Chapter 4 Grasping Important GPS Concepts 69
Linking GPS, Maps, and Coordinate Systems 69
Understanding GPS and Datums 72
Setting Waypoints 73
Following Routes 77
Making Tracks 79
Chapter 5 Selecting and Getting Started with a GPS Receiver 83
Selecting a GPS Receiver 84
Becoming Familiar with Your New GPS Receiver 90
Powering Your GPS Receiver 91
Initializing Your GPS Receiver 95
Changing Receiver Settings 98
Using Your GPS Receiver 100
Chapter 6 Using GPS with a PDA 105
Choosing between a GPS Receiver and a PDA 105
Interfacing Your PDA to a GPS Receiver 108
Reviewing PDA Mapping Software 113
Chapter 7 Geocaching 117
Geocaching: The High-Tech Scavenger Hunt 117
Getting Started Geocaching 119
Hiding a Cache 133
Geocaching Etiquette 139
Internet Geocaching Resources 140
Part III Digital Mapping on Your Computer 143
Chapter 8 Digital Mapping Hardware Considerations 145
Digital Mapping Software Choices 145
Processing Power 146
Storage Capacity 147
Display Equipment 150
Communication Capabilities 151
Chapter 9 Interfacing a GPS Receiver to a Computer 153
About (Inter)Face: Connectivity Rules 153
Anatomy of a Link: Understanding the Interface Process 154
Untangling Cables 155
Understanding Ports and Protocols 156
Managing Memory 160
Transferring GPS Data 162
Troubleshooting Connection Problems 165
Uploading Firmware Revisions to Your GPS Receiver 166
Chapter 10 Using GPS Manufacturer Mapping Software 169
Understanding Universal Principles of GPS Map Software 170
Reviewing GPS Manufacturer Software 173
Chapter 11 Finding Places and Coordinates 181
Finding Your Way with Online Gazetteers 181
Converting Coordinates 189
Chapter 12 On the Road with DeLorme Street Atlas USA 193
Discovering Street Atlas USA Features 194
Navigating Street Atlas USA 194
Finding an Address with Street Atlas USA 199
Getting from Here to There with Street Atlas USA 201
Moving Maps with Earthmate 205
Other Street Navigation Software 207
Chapter 13 On the Ground with Maptech Terrain Navigator 209
Discovering Terrain Navigator 210
Displaying Maps and Finding Places 210
Navigating a Terrain Navigator Map 213
Planning a Trip with Terrain Navigator 215
Understanding Terrain Elevation 217
Reviewing Other Topographic Map Software 221
Chapter 14 From the Air with USAPhotoMaps 227
Enhancing TerraServer-USA with USAPhotoMaps 227
Discovering USAPhotoMaps Features 228
Getting the Most from Aerial Photos 231
Creating and Using Multiple Map Files 236
Saving Aerial Photos 237
Interfacing with a GPS receiver 238
Reviewing Other Aerial Photo Software 239
Chapter 15 Creating and Using Digital Maps with OziExplorer 245
Discovering OziExplorer Features 245
Moving from Paper to Digital Maps 248
Chapter 16 Going Three Dimensional with 3DEM 259
Comparing 2-D and 3-D Maps 259
Discovering 3DEM Capabilities 260
Using DEM Data to Create a Map 260
Creating a 3-D Map 263
Manipulating the 3-D Scene Window 266
Saving and Printing a 3DEM Scene 267
Overlaying Digital Raster Graphics Data 268
Reviewing Other 3DEM Features 272
Other 3-D Mapping Software 272
Part IV Using Web-hosted Mapping Services 275
Chapter 17 Saving and Editing Street Maps 277
Saving Maps 278
Editing a Map 281
Chapter 18 Navigating Web Road Maps 289
Using Street Map Web Sites 289
Reviewing Street Map Web Sites 293
Chapter 19 Exploring Web Topographic Maps 301
Using Web-hosted Topographic Maps 301
Reviewing Topographic Map Web Sites 303
Chapter 20 Overhead Image Web Sites 315
Using Web Aerial and Satellite Images 315
Reviewing Aerial and Satellite Image Web Sites 317
Part V The Part of Tens 331
Chapter 21 Ten Great GPS and Map Web Sites 333
Comprehensive GPS Information 333
Current GPS News and Helpful Advice 334
Technical GPS Information 334
Free Maps 334
Expert Desktop Mapping Guidance 335
Definitive Terrain Modeling Information 336
Chapter 22 Ten Map Printing Tips 337
Make Your Paper Count 337
Print in Color 338
Print the Scale 338
Print UTM Grids 338
Use Waterproof Paper 338
Waterproof Your Plain Paper 339
Print More Map Area 340
Put North at the Top 340
Use the Best Page Orientation 340
Beware of False Economy 341
Chapter 23 Ten Tips for Athletes 343
General GPS tips for Athletes 343
GPS Products for Athletes 348
GPS Tips for Specific Sports 352
Index 357
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First Chapter

GPS For Dummies


By Joel McNamara

John Wiley & Sons

ISBN: 0-7645-6933-3


Chapter One

Getting Started with Digital Maps

In This Chapter

* Discovering digital maps

* Using digital maps

* Discovering types of map programs

* Understanding the differences between Geographic Information System (GIS) and consumer mapping programs

This chapter introduces you to the fundamentals of digital maps. You find out what a digital map is, the differences between static and smart digital maps, and the different types of programs available for using digital maps.

What Is a Digital Map?

Any map is a picture of where things are, generally associated with our planet and its geographic or man-made features. Road maps, hiking maps, maps to Hollywood stars, and all sorts of other maps provide a sense of place and often help you get from one place to another.

Most maps are printed on paper. That's pretty convenient. They can be folded into a lightweight, compact bundle (if you've had a little practice). Digital maps (maps made on a computer or meant to be used with a computer) serve the same purpose as their paper cousins. It's just more difficult to fold a CD.

Digital mapmaking is a significant leap forward from traditional paper maps.

  •   Maps can be made faster, cheaper, and more accurately.

This is important because of how quickly new roads, subdivisions, and development projects pop up in fast-growing urbanareas. An old street map isn't much help in a new subdivision with a couple of hundred homes. The same problem affects political maps; an example is the change in national names and borders after the end of the Soviet Union.

  •   Digital map data can be used with mapping software to make digital maps on your personal computer.

Read on to discover the many types of digital maps.

Static map

A static map is the simplest form of digital map. Often it's a paper map that's been scanned and turned into a BMP (bitmap) or JPG (graphic) file. Aside from displaying it, printing it, and perhaps making a few edits, what you can do with the map is limited.

Static maps used to be the only type; often, a static map is all you need.

Smart map

Smart digital maps (as shown in Figure 1-1) may look like static maps, but data is associated with map locations. The data can be as basic as the latitude and longitude of a point, or as detailed about vegetation, soil type, and slope.

Spatial or geospatial data is associated with a place. The place can be smaller than a meter or as large as a country. Spatial data can be stored two ways:

  •   Embedded in a map graphic file
  •   Separate files with references to the locations

TECHNICAL STUFF

TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) is a popular format for storing graphics files. The GeoTIFF extension embeds geographic tags into map images. If you view a GeoTIFF file with a standard graphics program, it looks like an ordinary map. A program that uses the data tags can access the spatial data associated with each pixel in the image.

Mapping Programs

Although many different kinds of mapping programs are available, you can classify map programs in two types: consumer programs and Geographic Information System (GIS) software. Here is a quick look at each type.

Consumer programs

A consumer mapping program is software that displays street maps, topographic maps, marine charts, or aeronautical charts. Such mapping programs are easier to use (and much less expensive) than their professional counterparts, meeting most computer users' mapping needs.

This book focuses on mapping programs available to consumers.

GIS (Geographic Information System)

A Geographic Information System (GIS) is an information system that analyzes, inputs, manipulates, outputs, retrieves, and stores spatial data. GIS is mostly used by governments; large corporations; and engineering and GIS consulting firms for land, natural resources, transportation, environmental, and urban planning and management.

TECHNICAL STUFF

Some people use the terms digital map and GIS interchangeably. This really isn't correct. GIS isn't just about making maps. GIS involves using computers and special software to help people make decisions by using spatial data.

Distinguishing between consumer mapping programs and GIS programs is important:

  •   GIS software, which is sold primarily to governments, corporations, and consulting firms, is flexible, powerful, and relatively expensive.
  •   Consumer mapping programs target the needs of average computer users. These programs are much more limited in scope and functionality - and a lot less expensive - than GIS programs.

REMEMBER

GIS software typically has a steep learning curve; you can earn advanced degrees in GIS. Consumer mapping programs can mostly be used right out of the box and can be mastered in a relatively short period of time.

A typical consumer mapping program is a road map program that costs about $30 and provides exact routing directions to get from one location to another. This isn't a static map because it has underlying data (such as street names, distances, and gas stations), which can lead you to think it's a GIS program. Not so. A true GIS program has built-in precision tools that can (for example) let you input data about traffic flow and vehicle speeds, and then display every street where traffic volume exceeds 500 cars per hour and vehicle speeds are .5 miles an hour over the speed limit. The price tag for such a GIS program would be at least $1,000, not to mention the costs of training people to use it and gathering all the traffic data to input into the system.

TIP

Of course, if you have a burning need for high-end precision and complexity, it's still possible to get into GIS on the cheap. A growing community is developing open source and free GIS programs. Although many of these programs lack the polish of a commercial product, they do get the job done. The http:// opensourcegis.org and freegis.org Web sites are two excellent resources for finding out more about free GIS programs.

Using Digital Maps

There's an old song that goes, "Anything you can do, I can do better." If digital maps could sing that tune to their paper counterparts, they'd be right (for the most part). Digital mapping software offers all sorts of enhancements over paper maps, including these capabilities:

  •   Finding street addresses quickly
  •   Interfacing with GPS receivers to see where you are or where you were
  •   Showing driving directions to just about anywhere
  •   Displaying terrain three-dimensionally
  •   Annotating maps with pop-up information
  •   Creating custom maps
  •   Printing a hard copy map (which is sometimes the most important)

Digital maps do have a few drawbacks, including these:

TIP

  •   You need a computer.

If you have a laptop or personal digital assistant (PDA), you can take mapping software on the road with you.

  •   You need software.

This book helps you select and use software packages, particularly mapping programs in the free-$100 price range.

  •   You have to spend time mastering the software.

Most mapping software is readily usable, but all programs have nuances that sometimes make their features and user interfaces a little tricky.

Mapping Software: The Essentials

The first step for digital mapping is to understand the available types of mapping programs and their capabilities and limitations; that's what this part of the book is all about.

After you know what software is available, you can match it to your needs. An invitation to a birthday party may consist only of displaying a screen capture of a street map on a Web site, editing and saving the map in Paint, and then e-mailing it to friends. A week-long backpacking expedition would require a topographic mapping program (showing land features) to plan your route, view elevation profiles, and upload location data to your GPS receiver.

Before you can select the right tool for the right job, you need a general handle on the options that you can include in your digital-mapping tool chest. This section of the book organizes mapping programs into three categories:

  •   Standalone programs
  •   Programs bundled with maps
  •   Web-hosted mapping services

Standalone programs

A standalone program is a program that can open and use digital maps. These programs typically don't come with map data, and you'll need to download or purchase the maps you're interested in using.

Like with a word processor or a spreadsheet, a mapping program needs someone to input data before it can be useful. In this case, the data is bits and bytes that describe how a map should be displayed. Fortunately, an amazing amount of map data is freely available on the Internet, most of it already collected by the government and in the public domain.

A big market exists for commercial map data. People buy data to use with their mapping programs because

  •   Free data may not be available for an area or a specific need.
  •   Commercial data may be enhanced with information unavailable in the free versions.
  •   Firing up a CD filled with data is more convenient than searching for free data and then downloading it.

Many standalone mapping programs aren't tied to one data type. (Chapter 2 shows which types of digital map data are commonly used.) Figure 1-2 shows a three-dimensional map of Mount St. Helens created with 3DEM from free U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) digital elevation map (DEM) data. (Mount St. Helens, an active volcano in Washington State, erupted in 1980.) The elevation map shows the crater and how the volcano blew out its side.

Map programs are viewers, editors, or both:

  •   Viewers show only maps.
  •   Editors can make changes.

Usually you can't change a base map you've opened from a data file, but you can add text and draw shapes on top of the map.

Many standalone programs are either free or shareware. Two aspects of such programs are especially worth noting:

  •   Some manufacturers offer free (or cheap) limited-feature versions of their products that are otherwise available as pricy commercial software.
  •   Standalone mapping programs are mostly suited to a user who has intermediate to advanced computer skills and experience.

Examples of standalone mapping programs include OziExplorer ( oziexplorer.com), USAPhotoMaps (http://jdmcox.com), and 3DEM (visualizationsoftware.com/3dem.html). Don't forget that you can also make maps with Paint or any other general-purpose graphics program. This book shows how to use these programs and others.

TIP

Some free, noncommercial mapping programs have advanced features that are normally more suited to professional users. Don't be intimidated by every feature and option. You can use some commands and features to make maps for your needs. And you can master those other features if you ever need to.

WARNING!

One big disadvantage to standalone mapping programs is that you need to search the Internet for the data you need, find and download it, and then open it with the map program. This process sometimes involves registering a map so that the coordinates all line up. Also, even with a high-speed Internet connection, downloading can still be a hassle. And after all that, you still have to find the map data for an area that you want to view, and then successfully load all that stuff into the mapping program.

Programs with bundled maps

Mapping companies bundle software with digital maps. The program comes with the map data and is distributed on CDs or DVDs; static or smart maps that have a lot of detail can be quite large in size. You install the mapping program, and you're immediately ready to start using the data on the CD.

Data files bundled with software are often in a proprietary file format, which can be read and used only with the software that comes with the product. The same usually holds true for maps that you can upload to a GPS receiver; only maps from the manufacturer can be used.

Sometimes you don't have much choice between using a standalone program or one bundled with maps.

  •   Topographic map data of the United States is widely available for free. You can use a number of free or shareware programs to view maps.
  •   Only outdated Census Bureau map data is available for United States streets and roads. Most free or shareware programs don't match the features in commercial products.

Software that comes with bundled maps has gotten incredibly cheap over the years. With discounts and rebates, you can often find road atlas software for around $20 that covers the entire United States. For a little under $100, you can buy programs that come with a full set of detailed digital topographic maps for an entire state. Considering that a single paper USGS 1:24,000 map costs around $7 - and there can easily be over a thousand maps per state - that's a pretty decent value. Figure 1-3 shows a map made by Terrain Navigator (maptech.com/land/TerrainNavigator), which is a topographic mapping program that comes bundled with map data.

TIP

Manufacturers that sell bundled map programs (particularly those with street and road data) usually come out with a new release of their product every year or so. In addition to enhancements in the software, the map data contains new roads and updated services information (such as gas stations, restaurants, and hotels, called POIs, or Points of Interest). Whether you buy an updated copy of the software every year depends on your circumstances. If you usually travel on major roads, or in areas that haven't experienced much development and growth, you probably don't need to update every year. On the other hand, road atlas software is fairly inexpensive, so if you travel a lot and rely on the program, it can be a cheap investment.

If you have beginning to intermediate computer skills and experience, you can come up to speed quickly with bundled map programs. The user interfaces are generally simpler than those found in feature-rich, standalone programs.

Examples of programs that come bundled with maps are DeLorme's Street Atlas USA (delorme.com), National Geographic's TOPO! (http:// maps.nationalgeographic.com/topo), and mapping software from GPS manufacturers that interfaces with their receivers.

Continues...


Excerpted from GPS For Dummies by Joel McNamara Excerpted by permission.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.

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