Table of Contents
Introduction 1
Philosophers
Peter Abelard (1079-1142) 7
Louis Althusser (1918-1990) 14
Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) 18
Aristotle (384-322 BC) 22
Saint Augustine of Hippo (354-430) 26
Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986) 31
Henry Ward Beecher (1813-1887) 36
John Calvin (1509-1564) 41
Albert Camus (1913-1960) 45
Nicolas Chamfort (1741-1794) 48
Auguste Comte (1798-1857) 53
René Descartes (1596-1650) 59
John Dewey (1859-1952) 63
Denis Diderot (1713-1784) 67
Diogenes the Cynic (c. 412-323 BC) 72
Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821-1881) 75
Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) 80
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) 84
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) 89
Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) 93
David Hume (1711-1776) 97
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) 100
Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) 104
John Locke (1632-1704) 108
Titus Lucretius (c. 99-c. 55 BC) 113
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) 116
Plato (c. 427-c. 347 BC) 120
Ayn Rand (1905-1982) 124
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) 129
Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) 134
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) 138
Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) 143
Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC-AD 65) 148
Socrates (469-399 BC) 152
Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772) 157
Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) 162
Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910) 166
Timeline 173
Acknowledgments 177
Selected Bibliography 179
Permissions 193