Table of Contents
Preface xi
Chapter 1 Devices for Signal Generation and Processing 1
1.1 General Information About Signals 1
1.2 Architecture of Devices for Generation and Processing of Signals 6
1.2.1 Reference Oscillations 6
1.2.2 Signals with Phase Modulation and Shift Keying 10
1.2.3 QAM Signals 16
1.2.4 Signals with Frequency Modulation and Shift Keying 18
1.2.5 Multifrequency Signals 24
1.3 Requirements to Devices and Components 27
1.4 Product Certification and Quality Standards 30
1.5 Foundry Service 36
Questions 38
References 38
Chapter 2 Transmission Line Components 41
2.1 Fundamentals 41
2.2 Classification and Parameters 47
2.3 RF Coaxial Cables 51
2.4 Coaxial Connectors 55
2.5 Cable Assemblies 65
2.6 Waveguides and Flanges 66
2.7 Coaxial and Waveguide Components 68
2.8 Rotary Joints 73
Questions 75
References 75
Chapter 3 Passive Components 77
3.1 Substrates and Laminates 78
3.2 Resistors and Fixed Attenuators 84
3.3 Inductors, Chokes, and Transformers 90
3.4 Capacitors 96
3.5 EMI and RFI Filters 102
3.6 Power Dividers/Combiners, Splitters 107
3.7 Couplers 113
3.8 Beamformer Networks 118
3.9 Gain Equalizers 121
3.10 Circulators and Isolators 124
Questions 129
References 130
Chapter 4 Fixed Frequency Filters 131
4.1 Fundamentals 131
4.2 Lumped LC-Element Filters 137
4.3 Cavity Filters 142
4.4 Ceramic Resonator Filters 143
4.5 Microstrip and Stripline Filters 146
4.6 Tubular Filters 147
4.7 Waveguide Filters 147
4.8 Yttrium-Iron Garnet (YIG) Filters 150
4.9 Thin- and Thick-Film Filters 154
4.10 Monolithic Crystal Filters 155
4.11 SAW and BAW Filters 157
4.12 MEMS Filters 160
4.13 Harmonic Filters 161
4.14 Frequency Multiplexers and Duplexers 164
4.15 Fixed Frequency Filter Assemblies 170
Questions 171
References 171
Chapter 5 Control Components: Attenuators, Phase Shifters, Time Delay Lines, and Controlled Frequency Filters 173
5.1 Fundamentals 173
5.2 Classification and Parameters 181
5.3 Variable Attenuators 184
5.3.1 Manually Controlled Attenuators 184
5.3.2 Electrically Variable Attenuators 185
5.3.3 Digitally Controlled Attenuators 190
5.3.4 Programmable Attenuators 193
5.3.5 Phase Invariant Attenuators 195
5.4 Phase Shifters 197
5.5 Time Delay Lines 201
5.6 Tunable and Switched Frequency Filters 206
Questions 209
References 209
Chapter 6 Control Components: Switches and Matrices 211
6.1 Fundamentals 211
6.2 Classification and Parameters 213
6.3 Solid-State Switches and Matrices 217
6.3.1 PIN-Diode Switches 218
6.3.2 FET/GaAs Switches 220
6.3.3 Solid-State Matrices 224
6.4 Coaxial Electromechanical Switches and Matrices 227
6.5 Waveguide Electromechanical Switches 231
6.6 Microelectromechanical Switches 234
6.7 Ferrite Switches 239
6.8 Reed, Motorized, Redundancy, Shorting, Transmitter/Receiver, Bidirectional, and Programmable Switches 241
Questions 244
References 244
Chapter 7 Amplifiers 247
7.1 Fundamentals 247
7.2 Classification and Parameters 250
7.3 Low-Noise Amplifiers 255
7.4 High Dynamic Range Amplifiers 259
7.5 Solid-State Power Amplifiers 261
7.6 Wideband Solid-State Amplifiers 266
7.7 Variable Gain, Transimpedance, Limiting, Cryogenic, Distribution, Fast Recovering, and Temperature Compensated Amplifiers 268
7.8 Klystrodes, Klystrons, TWTs, Amplitrons, Crossed-Field, and Gyro-Amplifiers 272
7.9 Pulse Amplifiers 277
7.10 Intermodulation Distortion and Linearization of Power Amplifiers 277
Questions 282
References 282
Chapter 8 Frequency Mixers and Converters 285
8.1 Fundamentals 285
8.2 Classification and Parameters 289
8.3 Balanced Mixers 292
8.4 Image Reject Mixers 297
8.5 Harmonic Mixers 298
8.6 Frequency Converters 303
8.7 Self-Oscillating Mixers 305
Questions 308
References 309
Chapter 9 Modulators and Demodulators 311
9.1 Fundamentals 311
9.2 Parameters and Classification 316
9.3 Amplitude Modulators and Detectors 318
9.4 BPSK Modulators and Demodulators 322
9.5 I/Q Modulators and Demodulators 325
9.6 Vector Modulators 329
9.7 Modulators with Extended Functional Possibilities 331
9.8 High-Speed Digital-to-Analog Converters in Modulators 332
9.9 Smoothing of Modulation Fronts 335
Questions 337
References 337
Chapter 10 Frequency Multipliers and Dividers 339
10.1 Fundamentals 339
10.2 Frequency Multipliers 344
10.2.1 Passive Frequency Multipliers 344
10.2.2 Active Frequency Multipliers 347
10.2.3 Harmonic Multipliers 349
10.2.4 Frequency Multipliers on PLL 350
10.3 Frequency Dividers 351
10.3.1 Prescalers 351
10.3.2 Counting Frequency Dividers 354
Questions 355
References 356
Chapter 11 Oscillation Sources 357
11.1 Fundamentals 357
11.2 Parameters 361
11.3 Standards of Frequency and Time 363
11.4 Crystal Oscillators 370
11.4.1 Clock Oscillators 373
11.4.2 High-precision Crystal Oscillators 376
11.4.3 Frequency-Controlled Crystal Modules 378
11.5 SAW and BAW Oscillators 379
11.6 MEMS Oscillators 382
11.7 Oscillators with Stabilized Resonators 382
11.8 Optoelectronic Oscillators 390
11.9 Millimeter-Wave on Gunn and IMPATT Diodes Oscillators 391
11.10 Oscillators with Sapphire-Loaded Cavities 398
11.11 Oscillators on Tubes Microwave 403
Questions 407
References 408
Chapter 12 Frequency Controlled Oscillators 411
12.1 Fundamentals 411
12.2 Classification and Parameters 413
12.3 Narrowband VCO MMICs and Modules 418
12.4 Wideband and Octave Tuned VCOs 423
12.5 VCO with Crystal, SAW, Coaxial, and Dielectric Resonators 424
12.6 YIG-Tuned Oscillators 427
12.7 Digitally Tuned Oscillators 431
Questions 432
References 433
Chapter 13 Frequency Synthesizers, Signals, and Noise Sources 435
13.1 Fundamentals 435
13.2 Fixed Frequency Synthesizers 439
13.3 Direct Digital Synthesizers 443
13.4 Phase Locked Loop Frequency Synthesizers 449
13.5 Hybrid Synthesizers 454
13.6 Signal Synthesizers 460
13.7 Arbitrary Waveform and Noise Generators 466
Questions 471
References 471
Appendix A Web Sites and Names of Manufacturing Companies 473
List of Acronyms 489
About the Authors 495
Index 497
