Hitler's Holy Relics: A True Story of Nazi Plunder and the Race to Recover the Crown Jewels of the Holy Roman Empire
336
Hitler's Holy Relics: A True Story of Nazi Plunder and the Race to Recover the Crown Jewels of the Holy Roman Empire
336eBook
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Overview
Anticipating the Allied invasion of Nazi Germany, Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler had ordered a top-secret bunker carved deep into the bedrock beneath Nürnberg castle. Inside the well-guarded chamber was a specially constructed vault that held the plundered treasures Hitler valued the most: the Spear of Destiny (reputed to have been used to pierce Christ’s side while he was on the cross) and the Crown Jewels of the Holy Roman Empire, ancient artifacts steeped in medieval mysticism and coveted by world rulers from Charlemagne to Napoleon. But as Allied bombers rained devastation upon Nürnberg and the U.S. Seventh Army prepared to invade the city Hitler called “the soul of the Nazi Party,” five of the most precious relics, all central to the coronation ceremony of a would-be Holy Roman Emperor, vanished from the vault. Who took them? And why? The mystery remained unsolved for months after the war’s end, until the Supreme Allied Commander, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, ordered Lieutenant Walter Horn, a German-born art historian on leave from U.C. Berkeley, to hunt down the missing treasures.
To accomplish his mission, Horn must revisit the now-rubble-strewn landscape of his youth and delve into the ancient legends and arcane mysticism surrounding the antiquities that Hitler had looted in his quest for world domination. Horn searches for clues in the burnt remains of Himmler’s private castle and follows the trail of neo-Nazi “Teutonic Knights” charged with protecting a vast hidden fortune in plundered gold and other treasure. Along the way, Horn has to confront his own demons: how members of his family and former academic colleagues subverted scholarly research to help legitimize Hitler’s theories of Aryan supremacy and the Master Race. What Horn discovers on his investigative odyssey is so explosive that his final report will remain secret for decades.
Drawing on unpublished interrogation and intelligence reports, as well as on diaries, letters, journals, and interviews in the United States and Germany, Kirkpatrick tells this riveting and disturbing story with cinematic detail and reveals—for the first time—how a failed Vienna art student, obsessed with the occult and dreams of his own grandeur, nearly succeeded in creating a Holy Reich rooted in a twisted reinvention of medieval and Church history.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9781416597803 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Simon & Schuster |
| Publication date: | 05/11/2010 |
| Sold by: | SIMON & SCHUSTER |
| Format: | eBook |
| Pages: | 336 |
| Sales rank: | 799,321 |
| File size: | 6 MB |
About the Author
Sidney Kirkpatrick is an award-winning filmmaker and international bestselling author. His critically acclaimed non-fiction books include A Cast of Killers, Turning the Tide, Lords of Sipan, Edgar Cayce: An American Prophet, and The Revenge of Thomas Eakins. His documentary film, My Father the President, about Theodore Roosevelt as seen through the eyes of his daughter, Ethel Roosevelt Derby, was a winner at the American Film Festival. HBO, the History Channel, the Discovery Channel, and A&E have all featured his work. Biographical profiles of Kirkpatrick have appeared in The New York Times, Time, The New Yorker, and Playboy. He is a graduate of Hampshire College and New York University's Tisch School of the Arts. He lives in Stony Brook, New York.
Read an Excerpt
BLACKSMITH’S ALLEY
February 23, 1945
Every morning, like clockwork, Allied bombers would darken the skies over Namur, Belgium. In this last winter of World War II, hundreds and sometimes a thousand planes, flying in vast air armadas known as bomber streams, would thunder overhead for an hour or more at a time, leaving miles-long vapor trails that hung in the air long after the aircraft had vanished and the bombardiers had released their lethal cargo over targets in Germany and Eastern Europe.
The arrival of the bomber streams terrified the captured German soldiers at the U.S. Army detention center in the snow-covered fields on the outskirts of Namur. The prisoners, huddled together and shivering in wire-mesh holding pens, would peer anxiously sky-ward, dreading the horror about to be unleashed on their friends and families at home. Their American captors would also look up at the planes, but instead of fear, they felt overwhelming admiration for the bomber crews and their firepower. They were the silver hammer that was destroying the Nazi war machine and would soon enable the Allied Army to annihilate Adolf Hitler in his homeland. That the day and night bombing missions targeted not only military objectives but also industrial sites, resulting in the destruction of entire cities, was the price that Germany had to pay for its continued resistance.
First Lieutenant Walter Horn, one of ten German-speaking U.S. Third Army interrogators stationed at Camp Namur, awaited the daily arrival of the bomber squadrons with mixed emotions. Thirty-six years old, with a broad chest and shoulders, dark movie-star looks, and an impatient wife waiting at home in Point Richmond, on the San Francisco Bay, Horn felt tremendous pride in America’s ability to build, fuel, maintain, and launch thousands of planes loaded with tens of thousands of bombs, hurtling them hundreds of miles deep into enemy territory. Although he had yet to fire a weapon in combat during two years of service, and his mobile intelligence unit, commanded by General George S. Patton, always remained a comfortable fifty miles behind the front lines, Horn appreciated the daring and courage of the air crews and felt a special kinship with the thousands of others—artillerymen, infantry, medics, cooks, clerks, and quartermasters—who made up the largest, fastest-moving, and best-equipped army that had ever existed.
But the sight of the bomber streams also filled Horn with anxiety. Like the prisoners he interrogated, he had been born, raised, and educated in Germany. He never knew whether one of the bombers would be dropping its payload within range of his family’s home in Heidelberg or if, as he looked into the holding pens at the forlorn faces of captured and wounded prisoners, he would one day see the face of his older brother Rudolf.
Lieutenant Horn’s orders that winter were to help ascertain whether Hitler would unleash chemical or biological weapons when the Allied Army crossed the Rhine River into the German heartland. It had been rumored that the Germans, in a last desperate attempt to break the vise of the approaching Allied forces, would resort to using such weapons, as they had in the trenches in France twenty-seven years earlier.
Patton’s mobile intelligence unit had prepared a detailed questionnaire to ferret out the truth. Interrogators did not ask prisoners directly about weapons stockpiles. Rather, they elicited the information from four out of one hundred fifty seemingly random questions put to the prisoners. The answers would be used to determine if the soldiers had been taught how to use chemical or biological weapons in battle and if, hidden behind enemy lines, shelters were in place to protect the civilian population. Fifteen hundred rank-and-file soldiers, selected from Wehrmacht infantry captured in Belgium after the Battle of the Bulge, had been marched to Namur for this purpose. The interrogation facilities being inadequate, many of the interviews took place out of doors. Horn’s office, just beyond the prisoner enclosures, consisted of two empty orange crates, a small desk borrowed from a nearby elementary school, and a stack of questionnaires and pencils.
Horn had already interviewed thirty-five prisoners on February 23, 1945, when a camp guard brought him forty-eight-year-old Private Fritz HÜber from the German 2nd Panzer Division. Lean and haggard, with a narrow face distinguished by an enormous hooked nose, HÜber wore the same ill-fitting uniform in which he had been captured three weeks earlier. Though old by Allied Army standards, HÜber was not an unusual Wehrmacht recruit, as the Germans, after more than five years of continuous warfare, were drafting soldiers as young as sixteen and as old as sixty, mixing them into units of battle-hardened veterans and having them dig trenches, run interference, and haul equipment on their backs or in carts. German manpower, a resource like the diesel fuel to drive their tanks, was now in short supply.
HÜber, recruited in NÜrnberg, had received less than a month’s training before being marched through the snow into combat in Belgium; he didn’t know anything about chemical or biological weapons. Horn checked off the private’s answers in rapid succession, obtaining nothing more than “yes,” “no,” and “I don’t know.”
The interview completed, Horn was ready to dismiss his prisoner. But as the lieutenant would later note in a detailed account of the interview, he suddenly changed his mind. Looking across the table at the pitiful Private HÜber, hunched over from lack of sleep and clearly suffering from rheumatism in the damp cold, Horn offered HÜber a cigarette and a cup of coffee and asked if there was anything he knew that might interest Army intelligence.
HÜber contorted his face like a schoolboy who had flunked an exam. Tears welled up in his eyes. He wanted to help, to be of service.
The lieutenant had witnessed reactions of this kind before. He saw it nearly every day among prisoners who had lost everything but their lives. Men like HÜber, recruited off the streets by the Gestapo or forcefully removed from their homes and pressed into service for the Fatherland, were neither dedicated nor arrogant Nazis. Many of them had already lost sons, daughters, and wives in the war or had seen their homes and apartment buildings incinerated. They were reluctant warriors. Having given themselves up to the enemy, been stripped of their possessions, and herded like cattle into holding pens, most had lost the last shreds of self-respect. As a final indignity, they now saw and heard the endless streams of bombers overhead and knew that their situation was truly hopeless. Hermann GÖring’s new and much-vaunted Messerschmitt jet interceptors were nowhere to be seen. If Hitler actually possessed a secret weapon that would turn the tide of the war, as propaganda minister Josef GÖbbels had promised the German people, he would have used it by now.
HÜber and his fellow prisoners knew that no one would be coming to their rescue. Yet, despite their utter despair, Horn sensed a strange paradox in them. These footsoldiers, even those who had begun as stalwarts of the FÜhrer’s insane dream of world domination, still wanted to be of service, wanted to count for something. They were desperate to be of value, even if it was to the enemy. Private HÜber and countless others like him would be the ones who would one day return home to rebuild their nation.
The prisoner told Horn, apologetically, that he could be of no help.
Horn expected to hear nothing more from him. But as HÜber finished his coffee, and Horn was about to signal to camp guards to lead him back to the prisoner enclosure, the soldier’s face suddenly lit up. “Are you interested in art and antiques?” HÜber asked.
Horn smiled broadly. The aging German soldier couldn’t have known that in civilian life his interrogator was an art history professor at the University of California at Berkeley or that years earlier, before fleeing Nazi Germany, he had studied art history in Hamburg, Munich, and Berlin, had earned his doctorate under the mentorship of the internationally renowned medieval scholar Erwin Panofsky, and completed postgraduate work with Bernard Berenson in Florence, Italy. There was no subject that Dr. Walter Horn was more interested in discussing than art and antiquities.
“What do you know?” Horn asked.
HÜber sat up stiffly and addressed the lieutenant as if he was being debriefed by a superior in the German Army. “There is a hidden treasure in a bunker underneath the NÜrnberg castle. The hiding place is cut into the rock under the sandstone cliff. It’s very secret. No one but ReichsfÜhrer Himmler, his staff, a few ranking city officials, and workers who labor in the bunker know anything about it.”
“Heinrich Himmler, you say? Of the SS?”
HÜber nodded solemnly, adding that the bunker was deep in the castle’s bedrock but that its entrance tunnel was from outside, on the street.
Intrigued, Horn asked HÜber to elaborate.
HÜber explained that the entrance was camouflaged to look like the parking garage of an antiques shop off an alley in the old part of the city, with a sign that read Antiques—New and Old.
As Horn would later note, HÜber paused as if holding an image of the shop in his mind. The thought seemed to bring a faint smile to his face. He became more relaxed, even upbeat.
The prisoner continued by describing the bunker’s layout. He said that the covered car park, with its camouflaged doors, led to a long tunnel that descended some two hundred feet underground. At the end of the tunnel was a four-thousand-square-foot bunker, constructed of reinforced concrete, with five separate storage cells and a bank vault large enough to park a small truck inside. The facility was entirely self-contained. The bunker’s guards had their own sleeping quarters, electric generators, fuel, fresh water, food supply, and radio equipment. There were airshafts that opened aboveground and an air-purification system in case the city was fire-bombed.
“If this place is so secret,” Horn asked warily, “How did you get to know about it?”
HÜber’s face now became animated. “Because our family lives above the antiques shop. My father is in charge of maintaining the ventilation unit that regulates the bunker’s temperature and humidity. Mother checks the art and artifacts for possible mold and insect damage. She has to wear special white gloves when entering the storage units. Every now and again, she sprays the facility with pesticide.”
Horn listened with growing fascination as HÜber discussed a few of the bunker’s elaborate security features. Even the guards protecting the facility could not access the storage units, and no unaccompanied person, except for Himmler and the lord mayor of NÜrnberg, Willy Liebel, was ever permitted inside the vault room. Two keys and a five-digit lock combination were necessary to open its foot-thick outer door and a second inner door with steel bars.
“What kind of art is kept inside the bunker?” Horn asked.
HÜber mentioned several of the more than a hundred objects he said were sheltered in the various storage rooms. There were prints and etchings by Albrecht DÜrer, sculpture by Adam Kraft and Viet Stoss, medieval codices, maps, Renaissance musical instruments, and Gothic stained-glass windows. Everything was listed in a card catalogue outside the guard’s room, in the main hall, and checked periodically by the lord mayor or his secretary.
Impressed, Horn asked what was kept in the vault room.
HÜber was immediately forthcoming. Inside was an array of artifacts packed into wooden shipping crates. In one enormous box containing a glass case were a king’s robes, embroidered with pearl-studded pictures of camels and lions. Another box, with the word “Mauritius” stenciled on the side, held an ancient sword. A third box contained a crown covered with uncut sapphires, rubies, and amethysts. Nearby was stored a silver scepter and a golden apple tipped with a jewel-encrusted cross. In its own leather case, resting on a red velvet pillow, was an ancient Roman spear point, which visitors to the vault—among them Himmler himself—referred to as the “Holy Lance.”
Horn was both excited and disturbed by HÜber’s recitation. He didn’t have enough information to identify the origins of the artwork sheltered in the rest of the bunker, but the combination of treasures in the vault belonged to a legendary collection of artifacts that had been detailed in countless medieval paintings and monastic manuscripts.
The king’s robes, or imperial vestments, embroidered with the distinctive camels and lions, had been created in the early twelfth century in Palermo, Italy, and had been worn by the great soldier-kings of medieval Europe. The imperial sword—sometimes referred to as the “Mauritius sword”—was named in honor of a martyred Roman centurion and legendary commander of the Theban Legion. The crown, scepter, and apple-shaped orb had been the property, among others, of King Frederick Barbarossa, the fearsome red-bearded monarch who had once held court in NÜrnberg Castle and lost his life during the Third Crusade to the Holy Land. But it was HÜber’s mention of the ancient Roman spear point that authoritatively identified the collection. The Holy Lance, known variously as the Longinus lance and Spear of Destiny, was alleged to have been the weapon that pierced the side of Christ at the Crucifixion and had subsequently been carried into battle by Emperors Constantine and Charlemagne.
The objects in the vault were the Crown Jewels of the Holy Roman Empire, the most valuable collection of artifacts in all of Europe. Hitler, in his quest for world domination, had removed them from the royal treasury in Vienna, Austria, and put them briefly on display in NÜrnberg. Where he had hidden them after the bombing raids over Germany began, and if the collection was still intact, was a subject of intense speculation among art historians and museum curators the world over.
Horn had no reason to doubt the prisoner’s story. Hitler had plundered Europe, stealing all manner of treasure, from Leonardo paintings and Michelangelo sculptures to priceless Russian and Polish icons and medieval monastic manuscripts. NÜrnberg, the second-largest city in Bavaria, was a natural place for Hitler to safeguard his plunder. This ancient city, with its massive medieval castle built on a red sandstone mountain, was the Nazi state’s symbolic core, sentimentally linked with its perceived mythic past, and the site of enormous staged Nazi Party rallies to glorify the regime’s future. Horn himself, over the radio, had heard Hitler, standing at a podium, declare NÜrnberg to be “the most German of all German cities” and “the treasure chest of the Nazi Party.” Horn had always thought he meant this figuratively. HÜber was telling him otherwise.
The prisoner dutifully wrote down the names of his mother and his father, then drew a map on the back of an Army questionnaire detailing the exact location of the entrance to the underground bunker on a narrow lane that at one end backed against the historic NÜrnberg castle and at the other, an open cobblestone square and clusters of medieval buildings that included the former home and art studio of Albrecht DÜrer. The address was “52” Upper Black-smith’s Alley.
Later that evening, after Horn had returned a stack of questionnaires to his commanding officer, he borrowed a typewriter from his friend and fellow German-born interrogator, Master Sergeant Felix Rosenthal, and spent the rest of the night in the officers’ mess composing a detailed account of his interview. He had every reason to believe that his report would be buried in a slush pile of Army intelligence dismissed as unimportant to the war effort, and if for some reason it was passed up the chain of command to General Patton’s headquarters, he knew how improbable it would be that a combat operations officer would recognize the recovery of the Crown Jewels of the Holy Roman Empire as a significant military objective.
In spite of his doubts that his report would climb the chain of command, Horn wrote two drafts, composing his words with the same care and attention to detail as for articles he had published in prominent art history journals before the war. Satisfied with the final result, he sealed his report along with HÜber’s hand-drawn map into an envelope and addressed it to Patton’s Third Army intelligence headquarters in Paris.
© 2010 Sidney D. Kirkpatrick
Table of Contents
Author's Note XI
1 Blacksmith's Alley 1
2 Monuments Men 9
3 Camp Ritchie Boys 26
4 Invasion of Nürnberg 36
5 Thor's Hammer 46
6 Pandora's Box 59
7 Spear of Destiny 77
8 Himmler's Scholars 92
9 The Aryan Jesus 107
10 Hitler's Fairy-Tale Kingdom 118
11 Teutonic Knights 126
12 The Enemy At the Gates 135
13 Chain of Command 145
14 Himmler's Courier 152
15 Keys to the Vault 158
16 Hitler's Holy Reich 171
17 Externsteine 181
18 Black Camelot 193
19 The White House 204
20 Nazi Plunder 215
21 Camp King 224
22 The Crown Jewels 234
23 The Faustian Bargain 241
24 The Fourth Reich 251
Epilogue 263
Acknowledgments 273
Notes 277
Index 297
What People are Saying About This
“If Kirkpatrick had presented this story as a novel, it would have been criticized as far-fetched. Yet the facts, meticulously researched, speak for themselves. The Nazis’ vast looting operations went far beyond a desire for mere riches. Hitler sought nothing less than the creation of a Holy Reich. Kirkpatrick’s thriller-packed account of Walter Horn, art historian turned Army sleuth, may well prompt a critical reevaluation of Nazi ideology for a new generation of World War II scholars.”
—Digby Diehl, former editor of the Los Angeles Times Book Review and coauthor of A Spy for All Seasons
“In Hitler’s Holy Relics, Sidney Kirkpatrick takes the reader on a page-turning mystery, a suspenseful adventure story across a devastated postwar Germany, and—not least—an eerie, thought-provoking journey into the mystical origins of Nazism and the plans for a Fourth Reich. You are locked into this true tale as Walter Horn—detective, soldier, art historian, and psychologist—tries to solve an intriguing and complex mystery that is not simply about the past but also resonates into the future.”
—Howard Blum, Edgar Award–winning author of American Lightning
“Sidney Kirkpatrick’s Hitler’s Holy Relics is narrative history at its very finest. Beautifully written, brilliantly researched, this spine-chilling true story had me gripped from first page until the last.”
—Alex Kershaw, author of The Bedford Boys
“Hitler’s Holy Relics is a history buff’s dream come true—it’s both a thrilling page-turner and a work of outstanding original research. Mix together the Indiana Jones blockbusters with the best of the History Channel, add a dash of Dan Brown, and you get Hitler’s Holy Relics.”
—Debby Applegate, Pulitzer Prize–winning author of The Most Famous Man in America
“A superbly written and incredible-but-true, larger-than-life tale of World War II plunder, skullduggery, mysticism, and madness.”
—Kenneth D. Alford, author of Nazi Plunder and World War II history consultant