Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context / Edition 7

by Paul Knox, Sallie Marston

Overview

For courses in Human Geography.

A distinctly modern look at human geography

Described as “fresh, innovative, and intelligent,” Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context is acclaimed for its global approach, conceptual rigor, engaging real-world applications, and outstanding visual program. Knox and Marston foster awareness of current issues and developing trends from a geographic perspective, and provide a solid foundation in the fundamentals of human geography.
The authors integrate compelling local, regional, and global viewpoints to give meaning to people and places. By providing access to the latest ideas, concepts, and theories, the text deepens students’ understanding of the interdependence of places and regions in a globalizing world. The Seventh Edition extends Knox/Marston’s modern approach, integrating new technology as well as new visual and thematic features relevant to human geography today.

Also available as a Pearson eText or packaged with Mastering Geography

Pearson eText is a simple-to-use, mobile-optimized, personalized reading experience that can be adopted on its own as the main course material. It lets students highlight, take notes, and review key vocabulary all in one place, even when offline. Seamlessly integrated videos and other rich media engage students and give them access to the help they need, when they need it. Educators can easily share their own notes with students so they see the connection between their eText and what they learn in class — motivating them to keep reading, and keep learning.

Mastering combines trusted author content with digital tools and a flexible platform to personalize the learning experience and improve results for each student.Built for, and directly tied to the text, Mastering Geography enables an extension of learning, allowing students a platform to practice, learn, and apply outside of the classroom.

Note: You are purchasing a standalone book; Pearson eText and Mastering Geography do not come packaged with this content. Students, ask your instructor for the correct package ISBN and Course ID. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information.

If your instructor has assigned Pearson eText as your main course material, search for:

• 0135213231 / 9780135213230 Pearson eText Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context, 7/e— Access Card
OR
• 013521324X / 9780135213247 Pearson eText Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context, 7/e — Instant Access

If you would like to purchase both the physical text and Mastering Geography search for:

0321984234/9780321984234 Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context Plus Mastering Geography with eText — Access Card Package

Package consists of:

• 0321984242/9780321984241 Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context
• 0321984706/9780321984708 Mastering Geography with Pearson eText — ValuePack Access Card — for Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780321984241
Publisher:	Pearson Education
Publication date:	01/08/2015
Series:	MasteringGeography Series
Edition description:	New Edition
Pages:	512
Product dimensions:	8.90(w) x 10.70(h) x 2.30(d)

About the Author

Paul Knox received his Ph.D. in Geography from the University of Sheffield, England. After teaching in the United Kingdom for several years, he moved to the United States to take a position as professor of urban affairs and planning at Virginia Tech. His teaching centers on urban and regional development, with an emphasis on comparative study. He has written several books on aspects of economic geography, social geography, and urbanization, and he serves on the editorial board of several scientific journals. In 1996 he was appointed to the position of University Distinguished Professor at Virginia Tech, where he currently serves as Senior Fellow for International Advancement, and International Director of the Metropolitan Institute. Paul is the author or co-author of numerous books, including Pearson’s Urbanization 3rd edition and World Regions in Global Context.

Sallie Marston received her Ph.D. in Geography from the University of Colorado, Boulder. She has been a faculty member at the University of Arizona since 1986. Her teaching focuses on the political and cultural aspects of social life, with particular emphasis on sociospatial theory. She is the recipient of the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences Outstanding Teaching Award. Her teaching focuses on culture, politics, globalization, and methods. She is the author of over 70 journal articles, book chapters, and books and serves on the editorial board of several scientific journals. She is currently a professor in the School of Geography and Development at the University of Arizona. Sallie and Paul is coauthor Pearson’s introductory world regional geography textbook, World Regions in Global Context. In 2013 the Association of American Geographers recognized Sallie with a lifetime achievement award.

Read an Excerpt

PREFACE:

Preface

A highly embroiled quarter, a network o f streets that 1 had avoided for years, was disentangled at a single stroke when one day a person dear to me moved there. It was as if a searchlight set up at this person's window dissected the area with pencils o f light
– Walter Benjamin, One-Way Street and Other Writings.
London: New Left Books, p. 85.

Most people have an understanding of what their own lives are like and some knowledge of their own areas—their neighborhood, their city, their country. Yet, even as the countries and regions of the world become more interconnected, most of us still know very little about the lives of people in other societies or about the ways in which the lives of those people connect to our own.

The quotation from Walter Benjamin's book reminds us that in order to understand places, they must first be made meaningful to us. This book provides an introduction to human geography that will make places and regions meaningful. To study human geography, to put it simply, is to study the dynamic and complex relationships between peoples and the worlds they inhabit. Our book gives students the basic geographical tools and concepts needed to understand the complexity of places and regions and to appreciate the interconnections between their own lives and those of people in different parts of the world.

Objective and Approach

The objective of the book is to introduce the study of human geography by providing not only a body of knowledge about the creation of places and regions but also an understanding of the interdependence of places and regions in aglobalizing world. The approach is aimed at establishing an intellectual foundation that will enable a life-long and life-sustaining geographical imagination.

The book takes a fresh approach to human geography, reflecting the major changes that have recently been impressed on global, regional, and local landscapes. These changes include the globalization of industry, the breakup of the Soviet empire, the upwelling of ethnic regionalisms on the heels of decolonization and the formation of new states, the physical restructuring of cities, the transformation of traditional agricultural practices throughout much of the world, and the emerging trend toward transnational political and economic organizations. The approach used in Places and Regions in Global Context provides access not only to the new ideas, concepts, and theories that address these changes but also to the fundamentals of human geography: the principles, concepts, theoretical frameworks, and basic knowledge that are necessary to more specialized studies.

The most distinctive feature of this approach is that it employs the concept of geographical scale and emphasizes the interdependence of both places and processes at different scales. In overall terms, this approach is designed to provide an understanding of relationships between the global and the local and the outcomes of these relationships. It follows that one of the chief organizing principles is how globalization frames the social and cultural construction of particular places and regions at various scales.

This approach has several advantages.

• It captures aspects of human geography that are among the most compelling in the contemporary world—the geographical bases of cultural diversity and their impacts on everyday life, for example.
• It encompasses the salient aspects of new emphases in academic human geography—the new geopolitics and its role in the social construction of spaces and places, for example.
• It makes for an easier marriage between topical and regional material by emphasizing how processes link them—technological innovation and the varying ways technology is adopted and modified by people in particular places, for example.
• It facilitates meaningful comparisons between places in different parts of the world—how the core-generated industrialization of agriculture shapes gender relations in households both in the core and the periphery, for example.

In short, the textbook is designed to focus on geographical processes and to provide an understanding of the interdependence among places and regions without losing sight of their individuality and uniqueness.

Several important themes are woven into each chapter, integrating them into the overall approach:

• the relationship between global processes and their local manifestations,
• the interdependence of people and places, especially the interactive relationships between core regions and peripheral regions,
• the continuing transformation of the political economy of the world system, and of nations, regions, cities, and localities,
• the social and cultural differences that are embedded in human geographies (especially the differences that relate to race, ethnicity, gender, age, and class).

Chapter Organization

The organization of the book is innovative in several ways. First, the chapters are organized in such a way that the conceptual framework—why geography matters in a globalizing world—is laid out in Chapters 1 and 2 and then deployed in thematic chapters (Chapters 3 through 11). The concluding chapter, Chapter 12, provides a coherent summary of the main points of the text by showing how future geographies may unfold, given what is known about present geographical processes and trends. Second, the conceptual framework of the book requires the inclusion of two introductory chapters rather than the usual one. The first describes the basics of a geographic perspective; the second explains the value of the globalization approach.

Third, the distinctive chapter ordering within the book follows the logic of moving from less complex to more complex systems of human social and economic organization, always highlighting the interaction between people and the world around them. The first thematic chapter (Chapter 3) focuses on human population. Its early placement in the book reflects the central importance of people in understanding geography. Chapter 4 deals with the relationship between people and the environment as it is mediated by technology. This chapter capitalizes on the growing interest in environmental problems and establishes a central theme: that all human geographical issues are about how people negotiate their environment—whether the natural or the built environment. No other introductory human geography textbook includes such a chapter.

The chapter on nature, society, and technology is followed by Chapter 5 on cultural geography. The intention in positioning the cultural chapter here is to signal that culture is the primary medium through which people operate and understand their place in the world. In Chapter 6, the impact of cultural processes on the landscape is explored, together with the ways in which landscape shapes cultural processes.

In Chapter 7 the book begins the move toward more complex concepts and systems of human organization by concentrating on economic development. The focus of Chapter 8 is agriculture. The placement of agriculture after economic development reflects the overall emphasis on globalization. This chapter shows how processes of globalization and economic development have led to the industrializatiop of agriculture at the expense of more traditional agricultural systems and practices.

The final three thematic chapters cover political geography (Chapter 9), urbanization (Chapter 10), and city structure (Chapter 11). Devoting two chapters to urban geography, rather than a more conventional single chapter, is an important indication of how globalization increasingly leads to urbanization of the world's people and places. The final chapter, on future geographies (Chapter 12), gives a sense of how a geographic perspective might be applied to the problems and opportunities to be faced in the twenty-first century.

Features

To signal the freshness of the approach, the pedagogy of the book employs a unique cartography program, two different boxed features, "Visualizing Geography" and "Geography Matters," as well as more familiar pedagogical devices such as chapter overviews and end-of-chapter exercises.

Cartography: The signature projection is Buckminster Fuller's DymaxionTM projection, which centers the globe on the Arctic Circle and arrays the continents around it. This projection helps illustrate the global theme of the book because no one continent commands a central position over and above any other. (Source: The word Dymaxion and the Fuller Projection Dymaxion^® Map design are trademarks of the Buckminster Fuller Institute, Santa Barbara, California, (c)1938, 1967 & 1992. All rights reserved.)

Geography Matters: Geography Matters boxes examine one of the key concepts of the chapter, providing an extended example of its meaning and implications through both visual illustration and text. The Geography Matters features demonstrate to students that the focus of human geography is upon real world problems.

Visualizing Geography: Visualizing Geography boxes treat key concepts of the chapter by using a photographic essay. This feature helps students recognize that the visual landscape contains readily accessible evidence about the impact of globalization on people and places.

Pedagogical Structure Within Chapters: Each chapter opens with a brief vignette that introduces the theme of the chapter and illustrates why a geographical approach is important. A list of the Main Points that will be covered in the chapter follows this vignette. Throughout each chapter, key terms are printed in boldface as they are introduced, with capsule definitions of the term in the margin of the same page. These key terms are listed alphabetically, together with their location in the text, at the end of the chapter. Figures with extensive captions are provided to integrate illustration with text.

At the end of each chapter, there are five useful devices to help students review. First comes a chapter Conclusion that summarizes the overarching themes and concepts of the chapter. Next the Main Points of the chapter are listed again, but this time they are expanded to include a summary of the text discussion of each Main Point. Then there is a comprehensive list of Key Terms for the chapter, followed by a number of suggested additional readings on the topic of the chapter. Each chapter concludes with two sets of exercises, some Internet based (On the Internet) and some more traditional (Unplugged) Both sets of exercises require students to put into practice several of the key concepts of a chapter.

New to the Second Edition

The second edition of Places and Regions in Global Context represents a thorough revision. Every part of the book was examined carefully with the dual goals of keeping topics and data current and improving the clarity of the text and the graphics.

One of our main focuses as we moved from the first to the second edition of the book was to undertake a comprehensive updating of all of the data, maps, and illustrative examples throughout the book. These changes are particularly evident in the cartography program, where a reader familiar with the first edition will note many new maps, quite a few maps that represent a new, more appropriate projection of our earlier data, the significant revision and updating of most of the figures, and the adoption of a crisper color palette that is used more consistently.

Moving from the art and maps to the text, we have added or expanded upon quite a few topics. Specifically, we have increased or added new coverage on geographic visualization, GIS and GPS, spatial justice, the digital divide, knowledge and economic development, economic globalization, development and gender equity, genetically modified agricultural products, sustainability, and mobilization against globalization. These changes are designed to ensure that we offer the most up-to-date coverage of the field of human geography.

The pedagogical structure of the chapters has been modified in order to increase clarity and ease of student understanding. The beginning of each chapter now features a section on the main points that will be covered in the chapters. These main points are revisited at the end of each chapter to reinforce the most important points and themes from each chapter. All of the end-ofchapter exercises have been revised, and the web exercises and web site have been significantly upgraded and expanded. Lastly, each chapter now includes a list of suggested further readings.

Supplements

The book includes a complete supplements program for both students and teachers.

FOR THE STUDENT
Study Guide (0-13-016839-4): The study guide includes chapter notes, key terms, 8-10 review questions and 10-15 activities per chapter, and references the text-specific web site throughout.

Companion Web Site (...

Table of Contents

Brief Contents

1. Geography Matters
2. The Changing Global Context
3. Geographies of Population and Migration
4. People and Nature
5. Cultural Geographies
6. Language, Communication, and Belief
7. Interpreting Places and Landscapes
8. Geographies of Economic Development
9. Geographies of Food and Agriculture
10. Political Geographies
11. Urbanization and the Global Urban System
12. City Spaces: Urban Structure

Preface

PREFACE:

Preface

A highly embroiled quarter, a network o f streets that 1 had avoided for years, was disentangled at a single stroke when one day a person dear to me moved there. It was as if a searchlight set up at this person's window dissected the area with pencils o f light
– Walter Benjamin, One-Way Street and Other Writings.
London: New Left Books, p. 85.

Most people have an understanding of what their own lives are like and some knowledge of their own areas—their neighborhood, their city, their country. Yet, even as the countries and regions of the world become more interconnected, most of us still know very little about the lives of people in other societies or about the ways in which the lives of those people connect to our own.

The quotation from Walter Benjamin's book reminds us that in order to understand places, they must first be made meaningful to us. This book provides an introduction to human geography that will make places and regions meaningful. To study human geography, to put it simply, is to study the dynamic and complex relationships between peoples and the worlds they inhabit. Our book gives students the basic geographical tools and concepts needed to understand the complexity of places and regions and to appreciate the interconnections between their own lives and those of people in different parts of the world.

Objective and Approach

The objective of the book is to introduce the study of human geography by providing not only a body of knowledge about the creation of places and regions but also an understanding of the interdependence of places and regions inaglobalizing world. The approach is aimed at establishing an intellectual foundation that will enable a life-long and life-sustaining geographical imagination.

The book takes a fresh approach to human geography, reflecting the major changes that have recently been impressed on global, regional, and local landscapes. These changes include the globalization of industry, the breakup of the Soviet empire, the upwelling of ethnic regionalisms on the heels of decolonization and the formation of new states, the physical restructuring of cities, the transformation of traditional agricultural practices throughout much of the world, and the emerging trend toward transnational political and economic organizations. The approach used in Places and Regions in Global Context provides access not only to the new ideas, concepts, and theories that address these changes but also to the fundamentals of human geography: the principles, concepts, theoretical frameworks, and basic knowledge that are necessary to more specialized studies.

The most distinctive feature of this approach is that it employs the concept of geographical scale and emphasizes the interdependence of both places and processes at different scales. In overall terms, this approach is designed to provide an understanding of relationships between the global and the local and the outcomes of these relationships. It follows that one of the chief organizing principles is how globalization frames the social and cultural construction of particular places and regions at various scales.

This approach has several advantages.

• It captures aspects of human geography that are among the most compelling in the contemporary world—the geographical bases of cultural diversity and their impacts on everyday life, for example.
• It encompasses the salient aspects of new emphases in academic human geography—the new geopolitics and its role in the social construction of spaces and places, for example.
• It makes for an easier marriage between topical and regional material by emphasizing how processes link them—technological innovation and the varying ways technology is adopted and modified by people in particular places, for example.
• It facilitates meaningful comparisons between places in different parts of the world—how the core-generated industrialization of agriculture shapes gender relations in households both in the core and the periphery, for example.

In short, the textbook is designed to focus on geographical processes and to provide an understanding of the interdependence among places and regions without losing sight of their individuality and uniqueness.

Several important themes are woven into each chapter, integrating them into the overall approach:

• the relationship between global processes and their local manifestations,
• the interdependence of people and places, especially the interactive relationships between core regions and peripheral regions,
• the continuing transformation of the political economy of the world system, and of nations, regions, cities, and localities,
• the social and cultural differences that are embedded in human geographies (especially the differences that relate to race, ethnicity, gender, age, and class).

Chapter Organization

The organization of the book is innovative in several ways. First, the chapters are organized in such a way that the conceptual framework—why geography matters in a globalizing world—is laid out in Chapters 1 and 2 and then deployed in thematic chapters (Chapters 3 through 11). The concluding chapter, Chapter 12, provides a coherent summary of the main points of the text by showing how future geographies may unfold, given what is known about present geographical processes and trends. Second, the conceptual framework of the book requires the inclusion of two introductory chapters rather than the usual one. The first describes the basics of a geographic perspective; the second explains the value of the globalization approach.

Third, the distinctive chapter ordering within the book follows the logic of moving from less complex to more complex systems of human social and economic organization, always highlighting the interaction between people and the world around them. The first thematic chapter (Chapter 3) focuses on human population. Its early placement in the book reflects the central importance of people in understanding geography. Chapter 4 deals with the relationship between people and the environment as it is mediated by technology. This chapter capitalizes on the growing interest in environmental problems and establishes a central theme: that all human geographical issues are about how people negotiate their environment—whether the natural or the built environment. No other introductory human geography textbook includes such a chapter.

The chapter on nature, society, and technology is followed by Chapter 5 on cultural geography. The intention in positioning the cultural chapter here is to signal that culture is the primary medium through which people operate and understand their place in the world. In Chapter 6, the impact of cultural processes on the landscape is explored, together with the ways in which landscape shapes cultural processes.

In Chapter 7 the book begins the move toward more complex concepts and systems of human organization by concentrating on economic development. The focus of Chapter 8 is agriculture. The placement of agriculture after economic development reflects the overall emphasis on globalization. This chapter shows how processes of globalization and economic development have led to the industrializatiop of agriculture at the expense of more traditional agricultural systems and practices.

The final three thematic chapters cover political geography (Chapter 9), urbanization (Chapter 10), and city structure (Chapter 11). Devoting two chapters to urban geography, rather than a more conventional single chapter, is an important indication of how globalization increasingly leads to urbanization of the world's people and places. The final chapter, on future geographies (Chapter 12), gives a sense of how a geographic perspective might be applied to the problems and opportunities to be faced in the twenty-first century.

Features

To signal the freshness of the approach, the pedagogy of the book employs a unique cartography program, two different boxed features, "Visualizing Geography" and "Geography Matters," as well as more familiar pedagogical devices such as chapter overviews and end-of-chapter exercises.

Cartography: The signature projection is Buckminster Fuller's DymaxionTM projection, which centers the globe on the Arctic Circle and arrays the continents around it. This projection helps illustrate the global theme of the book because no one continent commands a central position over and above any other. (Source: The word Dymaxion and the Fuller Projection Dymaxion^® Map design are trademarks of the Buckminster Fuller Institute, Santa Barbara, California, (c)1938, 1967 & 1992. All rights reserved.)

Geography Matters: Geography Matters boxes examine one of the key concepts of the chapter, providing an extended example of its meaning and implications through both visual illustration and text. The Geography Matters features demonstrate to students that the focus of human geography is upon real world problems.

Visualizing Geography: Visualizing Geography boxes treat key concepts of the chapter by using a photographic essay. This feature helps students recognize that the visual landscape contains readily accessible evidence about the impact of globalization on people and places.

Pedagogical Structure Within Chapters: Each chapter opens with a brief vignette that introduces the theme of the chapter and illustrates why a geographical approach is important. A list of the Main Points that will be covered in the chapter follows this vignette. Throughout each chapter, key terms are printed in boldface as they are introduced, with capsule definitions of the term in the margin of the same page. These key terms are listed alphabetically, together with their location in the text, at the end of the chapter. Figures with extensive captions are provided to integrate illustration with text.

At the end of each chapter, there are five useful devices to help students review. First comes a chapter Conclusion that summarizes the overarching themes and concepts of the chapter. Next the Main Points of the chapter are listed again, but this time they are expanded to include a summary of the text discussion of each Main Point. Then there is a comprehensive list of Key Terms for the chapter, followed by a number of suggested additional readings on the topic of the chapter. Each chapter concludes with two sets of exercises, some Internet based (On the Internet) and some more traditional (Unplugged) Both sets of exercises require students to put into practice several of the key concepts of a chapter.

New to the Second Edition

The second edition of Places and Regions in Global Context represents a thorough revision. Every part of the book was examined carefully with the dual goals of keeping topics and data current and improving the clarity of the text and the graphics.

One of our main focuses as we moved from the first to the second edition of the book was to undertake a comprehensive updating of all of the data, maps, and illustrative examples throughout the book. These changes are particularly evident in the cartography program, where a reader familiar with the first edition will note many new maps, quite a few maps that represent a new, more appropriate projection of our earlier data, the significant revision and updating of most of the figures, and the adoption of a crisper color palette that is used more consistently.

Moving from the art and maps to the text, we have added or expanded upon quite a few topics. Specifically, we have increased or added new coverage on geographic visualization, GIS and GPS, spatial justice, the digital divide, knowledge and economic development, economic globalization, development and gender equity, genetically modified agricultural products, sustainability, and mobilization against globalization. These changes are designed to ensure that we offer the most up-to-date coverage of the field of human geography.

The pedagogical structure of the chapters has been modified in order to increase clarity and ease of student understanding. The beginning of each chapter now features a section on the main points that will be covered in the chapters. These main points are revisited at the end of each chapter to reinforce the most important points and themes from each chapter. All of the end-ofchapter exercises have been revised, and the web exercises and web site have been significantly upgraded and expanded. Lastly, each chapter now includes a list of suggested further readings.

Supplements

The book includes a complete supplements program for both students and teachers.

FOR THE STUDENT
Study Guide (0-13-016839-4): The study guide includes chapter notes, key terms, 8-10 review questions and 10-15 activities per chapter, and references the text-specific web site throughout.

Companion Web Site (...