Ideas and Styles in the Western Musical Tradition

1. MUSIC IN CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY
Music in the Life and Philosophy of Ancient Greece
Music and the Doctrine of Ethos
Characteristics of Music Greek Music Theory Music in Ancient Rome

2. THE EARLY CHRISTIAN PERIOD
The Growth of the Christian Church and Its Music The Jewish Heritage The Diversification of Practice
The Eastern Influence
Local European Practices

3. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A CATHOLIC TRADITION
The Political-Cultural Situation at the Beginning of the Ninth Century The Roman Liturgy
The Divine Office
Mass Aesthetic Considerations Regarding the Chant The Musical Style of the Chant The Music Theory of the Chant Later Developments in the Liturgical Chant
The Trope
Liturgical Drama

4. MEDIEVAL SECULAR SONG AND INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC
Secular Music before the Eleventh Century Latin Songs Epics and Minstrels Troubadours and Trouvères German Court Music Monophonic Songs in Other Regions
Italy
Spain and Portugal Britain Instruments
String Instruments
Wind Instruments Percussion Instruments Organs The Use of Instruments

5. THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLYPHONY
The Significance of Polyphony Carolingian Polyphony Romanesque Developments
Free Organum
Rhythmic Independence Florid Organum and Discant Gothic Thinking and Style Notre Dame Polyphony
Rhythmic Order in Organum: Leonin
Perotin Cadences The Motet Late Thirteenth-Century Developments
New Developments in Rhythmic Notation
Hocket Symbolic Values in Medieval Polyphony

6. MUSIC IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY
The Increasing Secularization of Culture
Ars Nova
Isorhythm The Roman de Fauvel
Form in Secular Song Guillaume de Machaut
Ars Subtilior
The Italian Trecento Cadence Patterns in the Fourteenth Century English Polyphony
Gymel and English Discant
Secular Music: Rota

7. HUMANISM AND MUSIC
The Rise of a Humanist World View The Hundred Years' War and English Music on the Continent
John Dunstaple
The New Style on the Continent
Guillaume Du Fay
Gilles Binchois Polyphonic Cadences The Idea of a New Music

8. THE SPREAD OF NEW MUSICAL IDEAS AND PRACTICES TO 1600
The Growth of the Renaissance Musical Style in the North .
Johannes Ockeghem
The Next Generation of Franco-Netherlands Composers Josquin des Prez The Ascendancy of the Northern Style Music for Social Use Regional Variations of the Cosmopolitan Style in Secular Music
The French Chanson
English Music German Music Spanish Repertoires The Italian Frottola and Madrigal The Poetic Model for Musical Expression

9. INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
The Place of Instruments Instruments and their Combinations
Consorts
Broken Consorts Plucked Instruments Keyboard Instruments Tablature Instruments and Vocal Music Instrumental Adaptations of Vocal Music and Genres Instrumental Genres
Dances
Variations Instrumental Pieces in the Style of Improvisations

10. THE REFORMATION AND MUSIC
The Background of the Reformation The Music of the Lutheran Reformation The Calvinist Reformation The Reformation in England The Counter-Reformation
Palestrina
Tomás Luis de Victoria and Roland de Lassus Faith, Music, and the Power of Words

11. THE CLOSE OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
Italian Music at the End of the Sixteenth Century Mannerism The Italian Style in England France The Venetian Style The Significance of Late Humanist Styles

12. RATIONALISM AND ITS IMPACT ON MUSIC
An Age of Reason Aesthetic Considerations The Doctrine of Affections The Florentine Camerata Monody and the Basso Continuo Concertato Seconda Pratica Expression of New Ideas in New Styles

13. NEW GENRES AND STYLES IN THE AGE OF RATIONALISM
Three Styles The Creation of Opera
First Experiments in Opera
Orfeo Developments in Italian Opera
Stylistic Trends
Vocal Chamber Music
Texture and Form
Sacred Music
The Sacred Concerto
Oratorio Seventeenth-Century Instrumental Music
The Fantasia
The Sonata Sets of Variations Dance Music Improvisatory Instrumental Music

14. THE LATE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
French Opera in the Seventeenth Century
Historical Context
The Beginnings of French Opera French Operatic Style English Music in the Seventeenth Century
The First Stuarts
The Commonwealth The Restoration Italian Opera The Cantata and Other Vocal Chamber Music German Musical Genres
Keyboard Music
Musical Drama The Development of Instrumental Forms and Idioms
Style Developments in Instrumental Music
Fugue The Suite The Ensemble Sonata Concerto

15. THE EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
The Late Rationalist Period Opera Seria - Handel and Others The Intermezzo Opera in France Handel and the Oratorio Germany Johann Sebastian Bach
Bach's Early Career
The Court of Weimar The Court of Cöthen The City of Leipzig Bach's Culmination of Stylistic Tradition

16. NEW CURRENTS IN THE EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
New Directions in Thinking and Style The Development of the Tonal System The Idea of the Galant
In France
Outside of France French and Italian Operatic Comedy
La Guerre des Bouffons
The empfindsamer Stil
Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach
Keyboard Instruments Song Structure in Early Eighteenth-Century Instrumental Music Developments in Instrumental Music

17. THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE CLASSIC STYLE
The Enlightenment The Classic Outlook Musicians in Late Eighteenth-Century Society Contrasting Careers for Classical Musicians: Haydn and Mozart
Franz Joseph Haydn
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Comic Opera in the Early Enlightenment Opera Seria and Opera Reform Instrumental Genres and the Sonata Plan
The Symphony
The String Quartet The Keyboard Sonata The Concerto The Divertimento The Sonata Form and Its Variants
Harmonic Plan
Thematic Plan Outline of Sonata Form Some Terminological Clarification Applications of the Sonata Procedure Expression and Function

18. THE END OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
The Position of Haydn and Mozart Chamber Music Symphony Concerto Mozart's Mature Operas
Opera Seria
Singspiel Collaboration with Da Ponte A Finale in the Popular Theater A New Model for Expression The Enlightenment Beethoven
Beethoven's Early Years in Bonn
Beethoven's First Decade in Vienna The Music of Beethoven's First Vienna Period The American Colonies and the early United States

19. THE RISE OF THE ROMANTIC MOVEMENT
Philosophical Roots of Romantic Thought
Politics, Economics, and Social Change
The Concept of Organic Unity Romantic Art
Themes in Romantic Art
Techniques of Romantic Art The Romantic Movement in the History of Musical Style
Beethoven from 1802
Beethoven and the Artist as Hero Beethoven's Heroic Style Beethoven's Sketchbooks Beethoven's Personal Life in His Middle Period Beethoven's Last Period Beethoven's Influence on Nineteenth-Century Music
The Romantic Lied
Franz Schubert Early Nineteenth-Century Italian Opera
Gioacchino Rossini
Opera in France German Romantic Opera The Social Context for Music in the Nineteenth Century

20. DEVELOPMENTS IN ROMANTICISM TO 1850
The Context for Romanticism to the Middle of the Nineteenth Century
Composers' Lifestyles
Composers' Literary and Artistic Activities Romantic Lyricism in Italian Opera
Style
Performance Practice Giuseppe Verdi French Grand Opera The Cult of Virtuosity Some "Serious" Performers Lyricism and Virtuosity - Chopin Salons and Drawing Rooms Instrumental Genres in Romantic Music
Piano Music
Orchestral Music Romantic Musical Style
Expansion of Sound Vocabulary
Romantic Harmony Form in Romantic Music Recognition of the Musical Heritage The Midpoint of the Nineteenth Century

21. THE SECOND HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
The New German School The Artwork of the Future
Wagner's Music Dramas
Wagner's Librettos Wagner's Musical Style Wagner in Social and Political History Late Romanticism
Austria
France Italy Influences of the New German Style
Progressives in Vienna
Richard Strauss Alexander Skryabin Realism in Late Nineteenth-Century Opera Exoticism Late Nineteenth-Century National Styles
Bohemia
Russia Nationalism in Other Countries The Situation at the End of the Nineteenth Century

22. THE ARRIVAL OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
A Turning Point in Artistic Ideas and Styles Impressionism
Claude Debussy
Diffusion and Limits of Impression The Aesthetics of Ugliness Primitivism Expressionism
Arnold Schoenberg
Alban Berg Advantages and Problems in Atonal Expressionism An American Original: Charles Ives

23. MODERNISM AND THE PERIOD BETWEEN THE WORLD WARS
Modernism A Period of Readjustment The Twelve-Tone Method of Composition
Schoenberg after 1920
Adaptations of the Twelve-Tone Method Toward Serialism Artistic Objectivity Neoclassicism
France
Stravinsky's Neoclassic Music and Thought Germany New Tonal Theory The Influence of Regional Musics The Music of Socialist Realism in the Soviet Union The United States
Jazz
Incorporating Jazz into Traditional Genres The Avant-Garde
American Experimentalists

24. IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
History and Contemporary Music Composers in Late-Twentieth-Century Society Total Control The Exploration of New Timbres: Extended Techniques Electronic Music
Computers
The Performer Indeterminacy
Indeterminacy, Performers, and Computers
Aesthetic Issues Postmodernism
Postmodernism in Music
Postmodern Composer and Listener Diversity in Styles Based on the Western Tradition Juxtapositions and Fusions with Non-Western Musics Minimalism Mixed-Media and Performance-Oriented Music Jazz and Popular Music
Jazz
Rock Music The Situation at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century

Appendix: Timeline

Index