An Introduction to Coastal Zone Management: Second Edition

by Timothy Beatley, David Brower, Anna K. Schwab

Overview

An Introduction to Coastal Zone Management, Second Edition offers a comprehensive overview of coastal planning and management issues for students and professionals in the field. Since publication of the first edition in 1994, population growth and increasing development pressures on our coasts have made the need for forward-looking, creative, and sustainable visions for the future even greater. This completely updated and revised edition includes:

• significantly updated data and statistics including discussions of population and growth trends, federal and state coastal expenditures, disaster assistance expenditures, and damage levels from hurricanes and coastal storms
• updated legislative and programmatic material, including the Stafford Act and mitigation assistance programs, and changes in the Coastal Zone Management Act
• expanded coverage of physical and biological attributes and conditions of the coastal zone
• expanded and updated discussions of innovative local coastal management
• new chapters on creative coastal design and development and lessons from coastal programs in other countries

An Introduction to Coastal Zone Management, Second Edition is the only available book that addresses the serious coastal trends and pressures in the U.S., assesses the current policy and planning framework, and puts forth a compelling vision for future management and sustainable coastal planning. It is an important resource for undergraduate and graduate students of coastal planning as well as for local and state officials, residents of coastal communities, environmental advocates, developers, and others concerned with coastal issues.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781559639156
Publisher:	Island Press
Publication date:	04/01/2002
Edition description:	Second Edition
Pages:	352
Product dimensions:	6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x 1.20(d)

About the Author

Timothy Beatley is professor in the Department of Urban and Environmental Planning at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Virginia. His books include Green Urbanism (Island Press, 2000), The Ecology of Place (Island Press, 1997) and Habitat Conservation Planning (University of Texas Press, 1994).

David J. Brower is research professor in the Department of City and Regional Planning at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and co-author of Catastrophic Coastal Storms (Duke University Press, 1989) and co-editor of Understanding Growth Management (Urban Land Institute, 1989).

Anna K. Schwab is research associate at the Department of City and Regional Planning at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

Table of Contents

	Acronyms and Abbreviations	xiii
	Preface	xvii
Chapter 1.	Introduction	1
	The Special Nature of Our Coasts	1
	The Pressures on the Coastal Zone	3
	The Pressures Exerted by Humans	4
	The Effects of Human Pressure	6
	Public Policy Exacerbates the Pressures	7
	Sustaining the Coast: The Overarching Challenge	8
	The Rationale for Government Intervention	10
Chapter 2.	Understanding the Coastal Environment	13
	Defining the Coastal Zone	13
	Types of Coastal Landforms	15
	Time Scales of Change	16
	Coastal Ecosystems	17
	Barrier Islands	18
	Estuaries	23
	Coastal Marshes	26
	Coral Reefs	28
	Rocky Shores and Bluffs	28
	Coastal Forces and Processes	30
	Wind	30
	Waves	31
	Currents	32
	Tides	33
	Hurricanes and Extratropical Storms	34
	Sea Level Rise	41
	Erosion and Accretion	42
	Coastal Organisms	45
	The Great Lakes	46
	Geomorphology	46
	Lake Characteristics	46
	Lake Levels	48
	Lake Stratification and Turnover	49
	Wetlands	49
	Pollution and Toxic Contaminants	50
	Climate Change and the Great Lakes	51
	Conclusions	51
Chapter 3.	Coastal Pressures and Critical Management Issues	53
	Land Use Patterns and Human Alterations of the Coastal Zone	56
	Patterns of Ownership and Control	57
	Critical Coastal Management Issues: The Challenge of Sustaining the Coast	63
	Coastal Storm Mitigation	63
	Shoreline Erosion and Sea Level Rise	68
	Strategic Retreat or Coastal Reinforcement?	71
	Protection of Coastal Wetlands and Resourcelands	74
	Protection of Coastal Waters	76
	Energy Development and the Coast	78
	Biodiversity and Habitat Conservation	79
	Marine and Fishery Management	81
	The Coast as a Recreational Commons: Protecting Access to Beaches and Shorelines	82
	Social Equity in Coastal Planning	82
	Coastal Sprawl, Land Use Pressures, and Quality of Life	84
	Private Property versus the Public Interest in Coastal Planning	86
	Conclusions	88
Chapter 4.	The Coastal Management Framework	91
	Role of State and Local Governments	94
	Stakeholders in Coastal Management	96
	Conclusions	100
Chapter 5.	Federal Coastal Policy	101
	Direct Coastal Policy	102
	Coastal Zone Management Act	102
	A Collaborative Strategy	102
	Coastal Barrier Resources Act	106
	National Marine Sanctuary Program	111
	The National Estuarine Research Reserve System	114
	National Estuary Program	115
	Marine Protected Areas	116
	Federal Environmental Policy That Affects the Coast	117
	National Environmental Policy Act	117
	Clean Water Act	118
	Clean Air Act	120
	Endangered Species Act	120
	National Flood Insurance Program	121
	Federal Disaster Assistance	123
	Beach Renourishment and Shoreline Protection	125
	National Park System	128
	Brownfields	129
	De Facto Coastal Policy	130
	Department of Energy	130
	Internal Revenue Service	130
	Coastal Development Subsidies	130
	Conclusions	131
Chapter 6.	State Coastal Management Programs	135
	Overview of State Programs	137
	Shoreline Management and Retreat	137
	Restrictions on Shore-Hardening Structures	140
	Managing Reconstruction	140
	Unbuildable Lots	141
	Building Codes and Construction Standards	144
	Coastal Wetlands Protection	144
	Sea Level Rise	145
	Beach Access and Land Acquisition	146
	Cumulative and Secondary Impacts	151
	Urban Waterfront Development	152
	Special Area Management Plans	154
	Areas of Particular Concern	155
	Marine Debris	156
	Aquaculture, Energy, and Government Facility Siting	156
	Ocean Management	157
	State Case Studies	158
	Maine	158
	North Carolina	162
	Oregon	165
	The Success of the CZMA	170
	Conclusions	171
Chapter 7.	Regional Management of Coastal Resources	173
	What Is Regional Management?	173
	The Watershed Protection Approach	174
	Protecting Water Quality from Nonpoint Source Pollution	174
	Defining the Watershed	175
	Principles of the Watershed Protection Approach	176
	Watershed Protection Projects	178
	Special Area Management Plans	180
	The Chesapeake Bay Program	182
	Natural Features of the Chesapeake Bay	182
	A Working Partnership	182
	Chesapeake 2000 Agreement	183
	Toxics 2000 Strategy	184
	Nutrient Reduction in the Bay	185
	The Great Lakes Program	185
	The National Estuary Program	188
	Puget Sound: An NEP Success	190
	The National Marine Sanctuary Program	192
	Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary	192
	The Cape Cod Commission	194
	Conclusions	196
Chapter 8.	Local Coastal Management	197
	Toward Sustainable Coastal Communities	197
	Overview of Local Coastal Planning and Management	200
	Managing Coastal Growth	200
	Growth Management: Tools and Techniques	206
	Comprehensive Plans	206
	Conventional Zoning	207
	Setback Requirements	208
	Community Character and Sense of Place	208
	Subdivision Ordinances	209
	Carrying Capacity	216
	Land and Property Acquisition	217
	Taxation and Fiscal Incentives	225
	Capital Facilities and Public Infrastructure Policy	228
	Information Dissemination and Community Awareness	231
	Beyond Growth Management: Broader Community Sustainability	233
	Towards Ecological Cities on the Coast	233
	Green Governance	235
	Ecological Infrastructure	236
	Sustainable Economy	237
	Sustainable Mobility in Coastal Communities	240
	Educating the Public for a Sustainable Future	241
	Impediments and Obstacles to Local Sustainability	244
	Conclusions	246
Chapter 9.	Creative Coastal Development: Building Sustainably along the Coast	249
	Environmentally Sensitive Coastal Development Is Not New	250
	Conservation Communities in the Coastal Zone	251
	Ecological Site Design	255
	Building Ecologically but Profitably	259
	Green Buildings in the Coastal Zone	267
	New Urbanism in the Coastal Zone	270
	Equity and Affordability as Key Elements	272
	Redevelopment and Rebuilding: Recycling Coastal Lands	274
	Strategies for Promoting Creative Coastal Development	277
	Conclusions	280
Chapter 10.	Conclusions: Future Directions in U.S. Coastal Management	283
	Sustaining the Coast: Looking to the Future	284
	An Essential Federal Role	286
	The Leadership Role of States	291
	Managing the Coast at the Local and Regional Level	294
	A Final Note: Defending a Collaborative Framework for Sustainable Coastal Development	298
	Bibliography	299
	About the Authors	315
	Index	317