The Second Edition of this well-respected publication provides updated coverage of basic nondestructive testing (NDT) principles for currently recognized NDT methods. The book provides information to help students and NDT personnel qualify for Levels I, II, and III certification in the NDT methods of their choice. It is organized in accordance with the American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT) Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A (2001 Edition).
Following the author's logical organization and clear presentation, readers learn both the basic principles and applications for the latest techniques as they apply to a wide range of disciplines that employ NDT, including space shuttle engineering, digital technology, and process control systems. All chapters have been updated and expanded to reflect the development of more advanced NDT instruments and systems with improved monitors, sensors, and software analysis for instant viewing and real-time imaging.
Keeping pace with the latest developments and innovations in the field, five new chapters have been added:
* Vibration Analysis
* Laser Testing Methods
* Thermal/Infrared Testing
* Holography and Shearography
* Overview of Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A, 2001
Each chapter covers recommended practice topics such as basic principles or theory of operation, method advantages and disadvantages, instrument description and use, brief operating and calibrating procedures, and typical examples of flaw detection and interpretation, where applicable.
The Second Edition of this well-respected publication provides updated coverage of basic nondestructive testing (NDT) principles for currently recognized NDT methods. The book provides information to help students and NDT personnel qualify for Levels I, II, and III certification in the NDT methods of their choice. It is organized in accordance with the American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT) Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A (2001 Edition).
Following the author's logical organization and clear presentation, readers learn both the basic principles and applications for the latest techniques as they apply to a wide range of disciplines that employ NDT, including space shuttle engineering, digital technology, and process control systems. All chapters have been updated and expanded to reflect the development of more advanced NDT instruments and systems with improved monitors, sensors, and software analysis for instant viewing and real-time imaging.
Keeping pace with the latest developments and innovations in the field, five new chapters have been added:
* Vibration Analysis
* Laser Testing Methods
* Thermal/Infrared Testing
* Holography and Shearography
* Overview of Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A, 2001
Each chapter covers recommended practice topics such as basic principles or theory of operation, method advantages and disadvantages, instrument description and use, brief operating and calibrating procedures, and typical examples of flaw detection and interpretation, where applicable.
Hardcover(REV)
-
SHIP THIS ITEMIn stock. Ships in 1-2 days.PICK UP IN STORE
Your local store may have stock of this item.
Available within 2 business hours
Related collections and offers
Overview
The Second Edition of this well-respected publication provides updated coverage of basic nondestructive testing (NDT) principles for currently recognized NDT methods. The book provides information to help students and NDT personnel qualify for Levels I, II, and III certification in the NDT methods of their choice. It is organized in accordance with the American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT) Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A (2001 Edition).
Following the author's logical organization and clear presentation, readers learn both the basic principles and applications for the latest techniques as they apply to a wide range of disciplines that employ NDT, including space shuttle engineering, digital technology, and process control systems. All chapters have been updated and expanded to reflect the development of more advanced NDT instruments and systems with improved monitors, sensors, and software analysis for instant viewing and real-time imaging.
Keeping pace with the latest developments and innovations in the field, five new chapters have been added:
* Vibration Analysis
* Laser Testing Methods
* Thermal/Infrared Testing
* Holography and Shearography
* Overview of Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A, 2001
Each chapter covers recommended practice topics such as basic principles or theory of operation, method advantages and disadvantages, instrument description and use, brief operating and calibrating procedures, and typical examples of flaw detection and interpretation, where applicable.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9780471420293 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Wiley |
| Publication date: | 06/03/2005 |
| Edition description: | REV |
| Pages: | 712 |
| Product dimensions: | 6.40(w) x 9.52(h) x 1.55(d) |
About the Author
Read an Excerpt
Introduction to Nondestructive Testing
A Training GuideBy Paul E. Mix
John Wiley & Sons
Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.All right reserved.
ISBN: 0-471-42029-8
Chapter One
INTRODUCTION
1.1 DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY
Digital technology is virtually sweeping the nondestructive testing industry as well as affecting every aspect of American life. We have digital television, digital cameras and video recording systems, digital telecommunications, digital global positioning, digital satellite radios, digital appliances, and personal digital computers with high-speed memory and capacity that were unheard of 20 years ago. Some optical and digital electronic gadgets just recently introduced include small hand-held 10× binoculars with 8× digital cameras, shirt-pocket MP3 players, and real two-way wrist radios with a range of 1 1/2 miles. Dick Tracy had to wait a long time for that one. Can personal identification chips with global tracking be far behind? Standard "Walkie-Talkie" range has reached up to 10 miles.
High-speed computers with high-capacity memory and high-speed data transfer can provide real-time evaluation and control in many nondestructive testing applications. Huge amounts of information can be stored for later review and analysis when desired. AMD beat Intel in the race to be the first on the market to introduce a new 64-bit microprocessor chip. Havewe reached the ultimate in computer memory, speed, and data transfer capacity? No, the future still lies ahead.
At the same time, wireless technology is advancing by leaps and bounds. Most people seem to have cells phones rather than those old Alexander Graham Bell telephones with wires. The advantages of wireless for industrial automation and the process control industries include worker and work station mobility and the elimination of thousands of miles of expensive conduit and cable. However, there are still many concerns regarding system design and potential signal transmission problems such as signal interference, signal hacking, sudden signal loss and retries, RF interferences, and multipath fading from unwanted reflections. However, it is probably safe to say that we can look forward to continued miniaturization and improvements in all forms of wireless technology.
City parks in Austin, Texas currently offer wireless Internet access; however, there are still some concerns that Bluetooth technology can be compromised. Bluetooth is a universal radio interface in the 2.45GHz ISM frequency band designed to function on a worldwide basis. A Bluetooth system consists of a radio unit, link controller, link manager, and software. Spectrum spreading facilitates optional operation at power levels up to 100mW worldwide. This is accomplished by frequency hopping in 79 hops displaced by 1MHz, from 2.402 GHz to 2.480Hz.The maximum frequency hopping rate is 1600 hops/sec. Bluetooth devices must be able to recognize each other and load the appropriate software to use the higher-level abilities each device supports and existing protocols.
Notebook PC computers can be used for remote networking using Bluetooth telephone systems, Bluetooth phones, cellular phones and notebooks for conference calls, speakerphone applications, business card exchange and calendar sychronization. Bluetooth technology is an operating system that is independent of any specific operating system. Advantages of Bluetooth technology are:
Data exchange; signals penetrate solid objects.
Remote networking and maximum mobility. Omnidirectional with synchronous voice channels.
The main disadvantage is that signals can be monitored by a snooping device from any direction or hidden location. Encryption with authenticity check is possible using a challenge-response protocol utilizing a secret key or password. Both devices must share the same secret key. The technology is suitable for many industrial data-sharing applications.
Will wireless RF ID tags help scientists track mad cows from country to country and state to state? Only if cattle ranchers and farmers all over the world are forced to comply with this requirement and that isn't very likely, is it?
1.2 SMALLER IS BETTER
Virtually all sensors, whether they are laser, infrared, acoustic, ultrasonic, or eddy current, have benefited from the high-tech explosion as well. Generally, high-resolution sensors have become smaller, more sensitive, and more robust. For flaw detection, many sensors can be focused more sharply as parts are scanned at faster rates, resulting in high-speed, high-resolution flaw detection. Eddy current and ultrasonic transducer arrays have greatly increased the single pass surface area scanned, while decreasing scanning times.
Piezo-composite ultrasonic transducers have greatly increased the sensitivity and range of ultrasonic transducers while reducing noise. In some applications noncontacting ultrasonic probes with perfect air/gas (compressed fiber) impedance matching can compete with laser profiling applications and other methods for the detection of minute surface defects. Noncontacting sensors also have some advantages in medical applications.
Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) have been around for about 20 years and are increasingly important to many manufacturing industries including semiconductor, automotive, electrical, mechanical, chemical, medical, aerospace, and defense. A very rapid growth of MEMS is expected over the next decade.
Small, sensitive airbag accelerometers help protect us in our automobiles and miniature flow valves provide beautiful letter-quality ink jet printing. Other MEMS developments include:
Micropressure and acceleration sensors for restricted spaces
Microelectronic components such as capacitors, inductors, and filters
Micromechanical components such as valves and particle filters
National security applications for MEMS include nonproliferation, counter-terrorism, land mine, chemical and biological warfare, and WMD stockpiling detection. Spin-off applications, which benefit mankind, include biomedical diagnostics, food and water safety, and industrial process and environmental monitoring.
The design, fabrication, testing, and inspection of microcomponents and assemblies challenge engineers and designers because the software, tooling, mechanics, size and shape, fluidity, damping, and electrostatic effects encountered in the microcomponent world are considerably different from those associated with the more conventional macrocomponent world.
While MEMS may still be considered in its youth, the birth of nanotechnology has progressed to at least that of a preschooler. Nanotechnology is now widely recognized by the government and various technical groups. New products are being developed and evaluated by many sectors. Nanotechnology has been defined as the manipulation or self-assembly of individual atoms, molecules, or molecular clusters into structures having dimensions in the 10 to 100 nanometer range to create new materials and devices with new or vastly different properties. Scientists believe the ability to move and combine individual atoms and molecules will revolutionize the production of virtually every human-made object and usher in a new high-tech revolution.
DOE nanotechnology accomplishments include:
Addition of aluminum oxide nanoparticles that converts aluminum metal into a material with wear resistance equal to that of the best bearing steel
Novel optical properties of semiconducting nanocrystals that are used to label and track molecular processes in living cells
Nanoscaled layered materials that can yield a fourfold increase in the performance of permanent magnets
Layered quantum well structures to produce highly efficient, low-power light sources and photovoltaic cells
Novel chemical properties of nanocrystals that show promise to speed the breakdown of toxic wastes
Meso-porous inorganic hosts with self-assembled organic microlayers that are used to trap and remove heavy metal from the environment
Unlike one old science-fiction thriller, nanobots may not be able to cure a young man's cancer, phenomenally increase his personal endurance and strength, and protect him against all harmful outside elements by stimulating the growth of gills in his neck, growing eyes in the back of his head, and developing an alligator skin for him, but it can make structural elements smaller, stronger, lighter, and safer. In turn, nanotechnology can make larger structures and all forms of transportation safer for us mere mortals.
Benoy George Thomas, in an article for PCQuest (September 2003, p. 174), mentions that scientists Robert A. Freitas and Christopher J. Phoenix claim that someday nanobots may change the very essence of life by replacing the blood currently coursing through our arteries and veins with over 500 trillion oxygen- and nutrient-carrying nanobots. In this scenario, the nanobots would duplicate just about every function of blood, but do it more efficiently.
The bloodstream would be made up of respirocytes each consisting of 18 billion precisely aligned structural atoms. Each respirocyte would have an onboard computer, power plant, and molecular pumps and storage hulls to transport molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide. These nanobots would be a thousand times more efficient than the red blood cells (RBCs) they replace. If it sounds too good to be true, then it probably is.
While nanotechnology has been heralded as the driving force for America's next industrial revolution, extreme care must be exercised along the way. At present, the hazards and risks associated with nanoparticles are poorly defined. Toxicologists at Southern University in Dallas have discovered that C60 buckyballs (nanoparticles) in modest concentrations can kill water fleas (a source of food for newly hatched fish) and cause damaging biochemical reactions in the brains of largemouth bass fingerlings. Preliminary studies also indicated that similar problems were observed when nanoparticles were inhaled by animals. Therefore, the toxicology effects of nanoparticles must be considered for all phases of work in this field.
1.3 MEDICAL MARVELS
While doctors and scientists can't yet make a fantastic voyage in a MEMS or nanosubmarine through human arteries and blood vessels, they can virtually examine every artery and cavity in the human body. Doctors can go through the groin to open partially plugged carotid arteries leading to the brain, remove small blood clots from the brain using a small corkscrew-shaped device at the end of a microcatheter, or even correct small aneurisms in the brain. And, doctors can even fuse vertebrae disks by going through an incision in the front of the throat. There ought to be easier ways to get to some of these places.
With the new SilverHawk procedure, developed by Dr. John Simpson, leg arteries with 85% plaque blockage can be restored to normal flow and the arterial wall plaque can be saved for additional medical studies. Figure 1.1 shows the SilverHawk tool. The composition of the removed arterial plaque is then studied by heart doctors to help determine if early warning signs of heart attacks and strokes can be developed for otherwise normally healthy patients. Best of all, these new catheter procedures are highly reliable and relatively inexpensive compared to surgical procedures.
Verging on what might seem science fiction to some, heart doctors now have the ability to give patients with totally plugged heart arteries angio-genesis therapy (AGT), a modified gene therapy cocktail injected in heart arteries to encourage the growth of natural heart artery bypasses. This is an ongoing investigational study that probably will be continued for several years.
Preparation for AGT starts with the patient on the procedure table. A staff member informs the patient about the procedure, gives him oxygen, and places a full-face mask on him and leaves the room. When all staff members and doctor return wearing complete operating attire, rubber gloves, and full-face masks, patients may think they have just slipped into the Twilight Zone. However, if the procedure is successful, substantial improvements in health may be noted.
Enhanced External Counterpulsation (EECP(r)) therapy is one technique that is truly noninvasive. The goal of this therapy is to stimulate the formation of natural bypasses around narrowed or blocked arteries in the legs and heart.
The EECP system compresses the lower legs, upper legs, and lower buttock to increase blood flow toward the heart. The heart rate is monitored and each pressure wave is timed to increase blood flow to the heart when the heart is relaxing. When the heart pumps, the pressure is released until the heart relaxes again.
The goal of this therapy is to stimulate the growth of collateral blood vessels both aiding normal blood circulation and relieving chronic angina, which has proved unresponsive to other medical therapy. When successful, EECP can eliminate or reduce nitrate use and provide improved ability for patients to exercise more.
While these medical marvels are not nonintrusive for the most part, microsurgery and gene therapy are not very destructive in nature either; they owe much of their success to scientists and engineers working closely with the medical community to help prolong and extend the quality of human life. Once again, it proves there are no limits to imagination and innovation.
1.4 IMPROVING SHUTTLE SAFETY
Primary reaction control system (PRCS) thrusters are a critical part of the power and guidance systems of space shuttle orbiters. A space shuttle orbiter has 38 PRCS thrusters to help power and position the vehicle for maneuvers in space, including reentry and establishing earth orbit. However, minor flaws in the ceramic lining of a thruster, such as a chip or crack, can cripple the operations of an orbiter in space and jeopardize a mission. In the past, these thrusters had to be detached and visually inspected in great detail at one of two NASA facilities-the White Sands facility or the Kennedy Space Center-before and after each mission.
In 2002, James Doyle, president of Laser Techniques, Inc., successfully demonstrated that a miniature, high-performance laser could locate and map hidden thruster features smaller than the head of a pin, to an accuracy of 0.0003 inch. Figure 1.2 shows James Doyle near the rear of a space shuttle with three vertical PRCS thrusters pictured. His initial development work led to the issuance of a NASA contract to build a full-scale, portable in-situ thruster mapping system.
A cutaway view of a thruster shows the laser inspection system and related mechanical actuator in place and ready for inspection in Figure 1.3. The mechanical actuator for the sensor carrier arm and module are retracted when the assembly is placed in the thruster. The thruster interface unit helps center and align the assembly. When a vacuum is pulled on the vacuum locking device, special o-rings lock the assembly in place, readying it for inspection. The sensor carrier arm can be extended, retracted, and rotated. The sensor, which is held by the carrier arm, also rotates about the axis of the thruster and has a tilt mechanism for contour following.
The high-performance laser sensor is shown in Figure 1.4 and compared in size to a 2002 penny. It is important to note that the sensor is used to inspect and map the inner thruster surface area starting about 0.5 inch from the injector face to about 1.5 inches downstream of the thruster throat. Most ceramic coating defects are upstream of the thruster throat and very difficult to evaluate visually. With the scanning laser system, this area of the thruster can be quickly inspected and mapped, providing technicians with accurate 3D data for evaluating the ceramic surface condition of the thrusters.
The portable laser scanner system has been sent to the White Sands test facility in New Mexico where it will be used in thruster life-testing projects and routine thruster overhaul and refurbishment programs.
At the ASNT 13th Annual Research Symposium, keynote speaker Bob DeVries reviewed his NDE team's investigative work following the Columbia shuttle disaster that centered on a piece of external tank foam that struck the leading edge of the space shuttle during its launch. After each NASA impact test on the thermal protection system, including the leading edge of the shuttle, nondestructive evaluations were made on the reinforced carbon-carbon components that were impacted. As a result of Mr. DeVries' team efforts, future improvements can be made in material design and structure.
(Continues...)
Excerpted from Introduction to Nondestructive Testing by Paul E. Mix Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. Excerpted by permission.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.
Table of Contents
Preface.1 Introduction.
1.1 Digital Technology.
1.2 Smaller Is Better.
1.3 Medical Marvels.
1.4 Improving Shuttle Safety.
1.5 Airport Security.
1.6 Process Control.
1.7 Instrument Synchronization with PXI.
1.8 PCI vs. PXI.
1.9 60,000-Mile-High Elevator.
1.10 Proliferation of Information.
2 Acoustic Emissions.
2.1 Principles and Theory.
2.2 Signal Propagation.
2.3 Physical Considerations.
2.4 The AE Process Chain.
2.5 Time Considerations.
2.6 AE Parameters.
2.7 The AE Measurement Chain.
2.8 Vallen AMSY-5 High-Speed AE System.
2.9 Location Calculation and Clustering.
2.10 Advantages and Limitations of AE Testing.
2.11 AMSY-5 Main Features.
2.12 AE Transducers.
2.13 Kistler Piezotron® Acoustic Emission Sensors and Couplers.
2.14 AE Sensor Construction.
2.15 Summary of AE Sensor Features.
2.16 Technical Specifications—8152B2 Sensor.
2.17 AE Coupler Features.
2.18 Technical Specifications—5125B Coupler.
2.19 Acoustic Emission Technology.
2.20 AE Applications.
2.21 AE Theory.
2.22 Applications.
2.23 Advanced Equipment.
2.24 Codes, Standards, Practices, Guidelines, and Societies.
2.25 Application and Product-Specific Procedures.
2.26 Impact-Echo Method.
2.27 Technical Specifications.
2.28 Applications.
3 Electromagnetic Testing Method.
3.1 Eddy Current Theory.
3.2 Magnetic Flux Leakage Theory.
3.3 Eddy Current Sensing Probes.
3.4 Flux Leakage Sensing Probes.
3.5 Factors Affecting Flux Leakage.
3.6 Signal-to-Noise Ratio.
3.7 Test Frequency.
3.8 Magnetization for Flux Leakage Testing.
3.9 Coupling.
3.10 Eddy Current Techniques.
3.11 Instrument Design Considerations.
3.12 UniWest US-454 EddyView.
3.13 Institut Dr. Foerster.
3.14 Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing.
3.15 Applications.
3.16 Use of Computers.
3.17 Barkhausen Noise/Micromagnetic Testing.
3.18 Early Applications.
3.19 Principles of Measurement.
3.20 Equipment.
3.21 Technical Specifications.
3.22 Calibration and Testing.
3.23 Current Applications.
3.24 General Applications.
3.25 Electromechanical Acoustic Transducers (EMATs).
3.26 Basic Theory of Operation.
3.27 Recent Applications and Developments.
3.28 Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM) Method.
3.29 ACFM Principles of Operation.
3.30 Probe Design.
3.31 Applications.
4 Laser Testing Methods.
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Disadvantages.
4.3 Main Advantages.
4.4 Laser Theory.
4.5 Laser Safety.
4.6 Laser Classification.
4.7 Training.
4.8 Profilometry Methods.
4.9 Basic TV Holography/ESPI Interferometry.
4.10 Nanometric Profiling Measurements.
4.11 Conoscopic Holography.
4.12 Confocal Measurement.
4.13 NanoSurf Confocal Microscopy.
4.14 3D Confocal Microscopy.
4.15 Nanometric Profiling Applications.
4.16 Scanning Laser Profilometry.
4.17 Laser-Scanned Penetrant Inspection (LSPITM-Patent Pending).
4.18 Advanced Techniques.
4.19 Natural and External Excitation.
4.20 Strain/Stress Measurement.
4.21 Longer Range 3D Speckle Interferometry System.
4.22 Nondestructive Testing (NDT).
4.23 Shearography.
4.24 Portable Shearography System.
4.25 Feltmetal Inspection System.
4.26 Optional Applications.
4.27 Optical Inspection Systems.
4.28 ARGUS.
4.29 TRITOP.
4.30 System Advantages.
4.31 Portable Measuring System Technique.
4.32 Dynamic TRITOP.
4.33 Other Laser Methods.
5 Leak Testing Methods.
5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Fundamentals.
5.3 Ultrasonic Leak Testing.
5.4 Bubble Leak Testing.
5.5 Dye Penetrant Leak Testing.
5.6 Pressure Change Leak Testing.
5.7 Helium Mass Spectrometer Leak Testing.
5.8 Mass Spectrometer Leak Detector.
5.9 MSLD Subsystems.
5.10 Vacuum System Configurations.
5.11 Electronics.
5.12 Methods of Leak Detection.
5.13 Vacuum Testing Method (Outside-In).
5.14 Pressure Test Method (Inside-Out).
5.15 Accumulation Testing Method.
5.16 Vacuum Systems.
5.17 Pressurized Systems.
5.18 MSLD Configurations.
5.19 Calibration.
5.20 Radioisotope Tracer Leak Testing.
5.21 Bubble Leak Testing.
5.22 Pressure Change Leak Testing.
5.23 Pressure Change Measurement Testing.
5.24 Leakage Rate and Flow Measurement Testing.
5.25 Nuclear Reactor Systems.
5.26 Halogen Diode Leak Testing.
5.27 “Sniffer” Techniques.
5.28 VIC MSLD Leak Detectors.
5.29 MSLD Subsystems.
5.30 Operating Sequence (MS-40 and MS-40 Dry).
5.31 Calibration Sequence (MS-40 and MS-40 Dry).
6 Liquid Penetrant Tests.
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Processing.
6.3 Test Methods.
6.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Methods.
6.5 Test Equipment.
6.6 Penetrant Materials.
6.7 System Comparisons.
6.8 Applications.
6.9 Measurement of UV and Visible Light.
6.10 Automatic and Semiautomatic Penetrant Testing Methods.
7 Magnetic Particle Testing.
7.1 Magnetic Principles.
7.2 Magnets and Magnetic Fields.
7.3 Discontinuities and Defects.
7.4 Induced Magnetic Fields.
7.5 Circular and Longitudinal Fields.
7.6 Selection of Magnetizing Method.
7.7 Commercial Equipment.
7.8 Wet and Dry Particle Inspection.
7.9 MT Improvements.
7.10 Applications.
7.11 Residual Fields and Demagnetization.
7.12 Magnetic Flux Strips.
7.13 Hall Effect Gaussmeter.
7.14 The Hysteresis Curve.
7.15 Selection of Equipment.
7.16 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Method.
7.17 Magnetic Rubber Inspection.
7.18 Underwater MRI.
7.19 Magnetic Penetrameters.
7.20 Automatic and Semiautomatic Inspection.
7.21 Magwerks Integrated System Tracking Technology.
7.22 Discontinuities and Their Appearances.
7.23 Nonrelevant Indications.
8 Neutron Radiographic Testing.
8.1 Introduction.
8.2 Physical Principles.
8.3 Neutron Radiation Sources.
8.4 Neutron Activation Analysis.
8.5 Ward Center TRIGA Reactor.
8.6 Radiation Hazards and Personal Protection.
8.7 Radiation Detection Imaging.
8.8 Electronic Imaging.
8.9 Nonimaging Detectors.
8.10 Neutron Radiographic Process.
8.11 Interpretation of Results.
8.12 Other Neutron Source Applications.
8.13 Neutron Level Gauges.
8.14 Californium-252 Sources.
8.15 Neutron Radioscopic Systems.
9 Radiographic Testing Method.
9.1 Industrial Radiography.
9.2 Work Practices.
9.3 Time—Distance—Shielding—Containment.
9.4 Regulatory Requirements.
9.5 Exposure Devices.
9.6 State and Federal Regulations.
9.7 Basic Radiographic Physics.
9.8 Fundamental Properties of Matter.
9.9 Radioactive Materials.
9.10 Types of Radiation.
9.11 Interaction of Radiation with Matter.
9.12 Biological Effects.
9.13 Radiation Detection.
9.14 Radiation Sources.
9.15 Portable Linear Accelerators.
9.16 Special Radiographic Techniques.
9.17 Standard Radiographic Techniques.
9.18 The Radiograph.
9.19 Fluoroscopy Techniques.
9.20 Flat Panel Digital Imaging Systems.
9.21 Flat Panel Systems vs. Fuji Dynamix CR Imaging System.
9.22 Industrial Computed Tomography.
9.23 Automatic Defect Recognition.
9.24 The Digitome Process.
9.25 Manufacturing Processes and Discontinuities.
9.26 Other Isotope Applications.
10 Thermal/Infrared Testing Method.
10.1 Basic Modes of Heat Transfer.
10.2 The Nature of Heat Flow.
10.3 Temperature Measurement.
10.4 Common Temperature Measurements.
10.5 Color Change Thermometry.
10.6 Temperature Sensors with External Readouts.
10.7 Infrared Imaging Energy.
10.8 Heat and Light Concepts.
10.9 Pyrometers.
10.10 Infrared Imaging Systems.
10.11 Spacial Resolution Concepts.
10.12 Infrared Testing Method.
10.13 High-Performance Thermal Imager for Predictive Maintenance.
10.14 High-Performance Radiometric IR System.
10.15 Mikron Instrument Company, Inc.
10.16 Mikron 7200V Thermal Imager and Visible Light Camera.
10.17 High-Speed IR Line Cameras.
10.18 Other Thermal Testing Methods.
11 Ultrasonic Testing.
11.1 Introduction.
11.2 Definition of Acoustic Parameters of a Transducer.
11.3 Noncontacting Ultrasonic Testing.
11.4 Ultrasonic Pulsers/Receivers.
11.5 Multilayer Ultrasonic Thickness Gauge.
11.6 Conventional Ultrasound.
11.7 Ultrasonic Testing Equipment.
11.8 Time-of-Flight Diffraction (TOFD).
12 Vibration Analysis Method.
12.1 Introduction.
12.2 Principles/Theory.
12.3 Sources of Vibration.
12.4 Noise Analysis.
12.5 Stress Analysis.
12.6 Modal Analysis.
12.7 Vibration Analysis/Troubleshooting.
12.8 Transfer Functions.
12.9 Predictive Maintenance.
12.10 Failure Analysis.
12.11 Impact Testing and Frequency Response.
12.12 Pass and Fail Testing.
12.13 Correction Methods.
12.14 Machine Diagnosis.
12.15 Sensors.
12.16 Rolling Element Bearing Failures.
12.17 Bearing Vibration/Noise.
12.18 Blowers and Fans.
12.19 Vibrotest 60 Version 4.
12.20 Signal Conditioning.
12.21 Equipment Response to Environmental Factors.
12.22 Data Presentation.
12.23 Online Monitoring.
12.24 Portable Noise and Vibration Analysis System.
12.25 Laser Methods.
12.26 TEC’s Aviation Products.
13 Visual and Optical Testing.
13.1 Fundamentals.
13.2 Principles and Theory of Visual Testing.
13.3 Selection of Correct Visual Technique.
13.4 Equipment.
13.5 Fiberscopes and Videoscopes.
13.6 SnakeEyeTM Diagnostic Tool.
13.7 Industrial Videoscopes.
13.8 Projection Microscopes.
13.9 The Long-Distance Microscope.
13.10 InfiniMaxTM Long-Distance Microscope.
13.11 Remote Visual Inspection.
13.12 Robotic Crawler Units.
13.13 Pipe and Vessel Inspections/Metal Joining Processes.
13.14 Ocean Optics Photometers.
14 Overview of Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A, 2001 Edition.
14.1 Purpose.
14.2 NDT Levels of Qualification.
14.3 Recommended NDT Level III Education, Training, and Experience.
14.4 Written Practice.
14.5 Charts.
14.6 Recommended Training Courses.
Appendix 1: Bibliography of Credits.
Appendix 2: Company Contributors.
Index.
What People are Saying About This
"...joins the group of respectable books in nondestructive testing...very valuable for certification in NDT methods, this book would be useful for college and University instructors as well." (Materials and Manufacturing Processes, May 2006)
"…a handy desktop engineering reference guide for material, welding, and metallurgical engineers…also…an engineering textbook for an undergraduate—or even graduate-level class…" (Journal of Metals Online, January 24, 2006)