Kaplan AP European History 2007

About the Author     xv
Kaplan Panel of AP Experts     xvii
The Basics
Inside the AP European History Exam     2
Overview of the Test Structure     3
How the Exam Is Scored     3
Registration and Fees     5
Additional Resources     5
Strategies for Success     7
General Test-Taking Strategies     7
Multiple-Choice Strategies     8
Free-Response Question (FRQ) Strategies     8
Document-Based Question (DBQ) Strategies     11
The Scoring Rubric     11
Tackling Each Core Point     12
Time Management     14
Stress Management     15
Countdown to the Test     15
Prioritizing What to Study     15
Diagnostic Test
Diagnostic Test     20
Answers and Explanations     24
Sample Document-Based Question     27
Three Sample Essay Responses with Evaluation and Analysis     31
How to Make This Book Work for You Based on the Results of Your Diagnostic Test     34
AP European History Review
Early Modern Europe-1450-1600
The Renaissance     36
Pre-1450 History     36
The Italian Renaissance     37
The Northern Renaissance     40
Key Terms and Concepts     43
The Reformation and Religious Wars     44
Crises in the Roman Catholic Church     44
Impact of the Renaissance     45
Martin Luther and the German States     45
Calvinism and Its Expansion     47
The English Reformation     47
Summary of Protestant Beliefs     49
Catholic Counter Reformation     49
Summary of Catholic Beliefs     50
Wars of Religion 1559-1648     50
Key Terms and Concepts     54
Discovery, Expansion, and Commercial Revolution     55
New Knowledge and Technologies     55
Portuguese Exploration     55
Spanish Exploration     56
Colonization     56
Price Revolution     58
Mercantilism     58
Key Terms and Concepts     59
Review Questions     60
Answers and Explanations     64
The 17th Century
The Age of Absolutism-Western Europe     68
Characteristics and Philosophies of Absolutism     68
Development of French Absolutism: 1588-1643     68
The Age of Louis XIV      69
Wars of Louis XIV     70
Key Terms and Concepts     71
The Age of Absolutism-Eastern Europe     72
Decline of the Holy Roman Empire, Polish Kingdom, and the Ottoman Empire     72
Characteristics of Absolutism in Eastern Europe     73
Absolutism in Russia     74
Absolutism in Austria     75
Absolutism in Prussia     75
Key Terms and Concepts     76
Constitutionalism in England and the Dutch Republic     77
England     77
The Dutch Republic     78
Key Terms and Concepts     80
The Scientific Revolution     81
Astronomy     81
Medicine     84
Impact of the Scientific Revolution on European Society     85
Key Terms and Concepts     86
Review Questions     87
Answers and Explanations     92
The 18th Century
The Enlightenment     96
Impact of the Scientific Revolution     96
Enlightenment Philosophy     96
Exceptions to Enlightenment Thought     97
The Philosophes     98
Impact of the Enlightenment on European Society     100
Enlightened Despotism: Austria, Prussia, and Russia      101
Key Terms and Concepts     105
18th-Century Economics and Politics     106
Agricultural Revolution     106
Cottage Industry     107
Mid-Century Wars     107
The Impact of the American Revolution     110
Key Terms and Concepts     111
The French Revolution     112
Long-Term Causes     112
1789-1791     113
1792-1799     116
Impact of the Revolution     118
Napoleonic France     119
Key Terms and Concepts     122
Review Questions     123
Answers and Explanations     127
The 19th Century-1815-1848
The Industrial Revolution     132
Why England Was the First to Industrialize     132
Hallmarks: Steam Engine, Iron, and Railroads     133
Social Impact     133
Reforms     134
Industrialism on the Continent     135
Key Terms and Concepts     136
Conservatism (1815-1848)     137
Concert of Europe: 1815-1823     137
Russia     139
France: 1815-1830     139
German States: 1815-1830     140
England: 1815-1832     141
Austrian Empire     141
Key Terms and Concepts     142
The Rise of Liberalism (1815-1848)     143
Characteristics     143
England     143
France: Revolutions of 1830 and 1848     144
Key Terms and Concepts     146
The Rise of Nationalism (1815-1848)     147
Greece and Belgium: Independence     147
Germany: Philosophies of Nationalism and the Revolutions of 1848     148
Italy: Revolutions of 1830 and 1848     150
Austria: Multi-Ethnic Empire and the Revolution of 1848     151
Summary of the Revolutions of 1848     152
Key Terms and Concepts     153
Romanticism     154
Characteristics, Contrasts with the Enlightenment, and National Revolution     154
Romantic Literature     155
Romantic Art and Music     156
Key Terms and Concepts     157
Review Questions     158
Answers and Explanations     163
The 19th Century-1848-1914
The Age of Realpolitik (1848-1871)     168
Aftermath of the Revolutions of 1848     168
Crimean War     169
The Second French Empire under Louis Napoleon      170
Unification of Italy     171
Unification of Germany     175
Austro-Hungarian Empire     178
Key Terms and Concepts     179
The Rise of Socialism     180
Utopian Socialists     180
Marxian Socialism     181
Impact of Socialism on European Politics 1815-1871     183
Key Terms and Concepts     184
The Age of Mass Politics (1871-1915)     185
Characteristics     185
The Third French Republic     185
The German Empire     187
Great Britain     189
The "Irish Question"     190
Austro-Hungarian Empire     191
Impact of Socialism     191
Realism in Literature     193
Social and Political Reforms     193
Key Terms and Concepts     195
Intellectual Movements (1850-1914)     196
Science     196
Artistic Movements     201
Key Terms and Concepts     206
The "New Imperialism"     207
Characteristics of the "New Imperialism"     207
Imperialism in Africa     209
Imperialism in Asia     212
Key Terms and Concepts      215
Review Questions     216
Answers and Explanations     220
Europe-1914-1945
World War I     224
Long-Term Causes     224
Modern Warfare     229
Society During the War     232
The Treaty of Versailles     233
Aftermath of the War     234
Key Terms and Concepts     235
The Russian Revolution     236
Russian Society Since 1850     236
Revolution of 1905 and Afterward     239
The February Revolution     240
The October Revolution     241
The Russian Civil War     242
Key Terms and Concepts     243
Europe Between the Wars     244
The "Age of Anxiety"     244
Totalitarianism in the Soviet Union     246
Fascist Italy     249
The Weimar Republic     251
The Great Depression     253
Totalitarianism in Nazi Germany     254
Spanish Civil War     257
Key Terms and Concepts     258
World War II     259
Failure of Collective Security     259
German Expansion     260
Turning Points of the War      264
Diplomacy During the War     267
European Society During the War     268
The Holocaust     269
Aftermath of the War     270
Key Terms and Concepts     271
Review Questions     272
Answers and Explanations     276
1945 to the Present
Immediate Postwar Issues     280
European Recovery     280
The Restructuring of Europe     282
Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, United Nations, NATO     284
Key Terms and Concepts     285
The Cold War     286
1940s     286
1950s     286
1960s     288
1970s     289
1980s and the Revolution of 1989     289
Fall of the Soviet Union     290
Key Terms and Concepts     291
Nationalism     292
Decolonization     292
Nationalism in Western Europe     297
Nationalism in Eastern Europe     298
Yugoslavia     299
Key Terms and Concepts     301
Post-World War II Society     302
Class Structure     302
Gender Issues     302
Youth      303
Immigration     304
Religion     304
Key Terms and Concepts     305
Review Questions     306
Answers and Explanations     311
Practice Tests
How to Take the Practice Tests     316
How to Compute Your Score     317
Practice Test 1     319
Answer Key to Multiple-Choice Questions     340
Answers and Explanations     341
Practice Test 2     357
Answer Key to Multiple-Choice Questions     378
Answers and Explanations     379