Liberty: The Lives and Times of Six Women in Revolutionary France

by Lucy Moore

Overview

The ideals of the French Revolution inflamed a longing for liberty and equality within courageous, freethinking women of the era—women who played vital roles in the momentous events that reshaped their nation and the world. In Liberty, Lucy Moore paints a vivid portrait of six extraordinary Frenchwomen from vastly different social and economic backgrounds who helped stoke the fervor and idealism of those years, and who risked everything to make their mark on history.

Germaine de Staël was a wealthy, passionate Parisian intellectual—as consumed by love affairs as she was by politics—who helped write the 1791 Constitution. Théroigne de Méricourt was an unhappy courtesan who fell in love with revolutionary ideals. Exuberant, decadent Thérésia Tallien was a ruthless manipulator instrumental in engineering Robespierre's downfall. Their stories and others provide a fascinating new perspective on one of history's most turbulent epochs.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780060825270
Publisher:	HarperCollins
Publication date:	05/27/2008
Series:	P.S. Series
Edition description:	Reprint
Pages:	528
Product dimensions:	5.20(w) x 7.90(h) x 1.10(d)

About the Author

Lucy Moore was born in 1970 and educated in Britain and the United States before reading history at Edinburgh University. She is the author of several books, including the critically acclaimed Maharanis. She lives in London.

Read an Excerpt

Liberty
The Lives and Times of Six Women in Revolutionary France

Chapter One

Every Tuesday evening in the early years of the revolution, Germaine de Staël held a small dinner at her hôtel in the rue du Bac, on Paris's left bank. She invited a catholic assortment of liberal, anglophile nobles, their glamorous wives and mistresses, and ambitious young men of middling rank. 'Go hence to Mme de Staël's,' wrote Gouverneur Morris, the one-legged American envoy to Paris, in his apple-green journal in January 1791. 'I meet here the world.'

For Germaine's guests, these evenings were a chance to discuss the latest news: books, plays, affairs and, above all, politics, the shared obsession of the day. Thomas Jefferson, a frequent visitor to the rue du Bac, called Paris in 1788 a 'furnace of politics . . . men, women and children talk nothing else'. In the words of a foreign observer, the entire country felt 'that they were on the eve of some great revolution'. For Germaine, her salons, combining her three passions—love, Paris and power—were 'the noblest pleasure of which human nature is capable'.

'We breathed more freely, there was more air in our lungs,' she wrote of this optimistic period; 'the limitless hope of infinite happiness had gripped the nation, as it takes hold of men in their youth, with illusion and without foresight'. If her friend the marquis de Talleyrand could say that no one who had not lived before 1789 could know the true sweetness of living, then Germaine could equally truly declare that for her, nothing could compare to the exquisite flavour of those days between 1788 and 1791 when she was inlove and believed a new France was being created within the four gold-embroidered walls of her drawing-room.

Germaine de Staël was twenty-three in July 1789, the month that her father Jacques Necker, on-and-off Finance Minister to Louis XVI, was sacked by the king. Louis's powers permitted him to appoint, dismiss and banish ministers at will, so there was nothing unusual in this; what was unusual this time was the response it provoked.

Necker had made himself unpopular at court by advising the king to make wide-ranging changes to his archaic administration, urging modernization (particularly of the system of taxation, which weighed most heavily on the poor) and greater accountability to the French people. He had encouraged the king to summon the Estates-General, France's only national representative assembly, for the first time since 1614 and, partly at his daughter's urging, argued that the three estates (clergy, nobles and commons, known respectively as the First, Second and Third Estates) should vote individually - thus preventing the nobles and clergy from grouping together to block the Third Estate's demands.

Hard-line royalists, who feared the changes sweeping France, were convinced Necker would betray the king to his people, and welcomed his downfall. In the royal council, two days before Necker was dismissed, the king's brother, the comte d'Artois, told the minister to his face that he ought to be hanged; on the same day, in Paris, a well dressed woman was publicly spanked for spitting on his portrait.

Necker's defiant attitude towards the king had prompted his discharge and cemented his status as a popular hero; his reputation for financial acumen was matched only by his reputation for probity. Reformers who idolized him saw his expulsion as a manifestation of outmoded arbitrary power and an unwelcome confirmation of the king's distaste for reform. They rallied to the cause of their champion.

News of Necker's dutifully silent departure from Versailles reached Paris on Sunday, 12 July. A large crowd had gathered in the Palais Royal, as it did every Sunday, to eat ices, buy caricatures, ribbons or lottery tickets, ogle scantily dressed femmes publiques and magic lantern shows, and listen to orators declaiming against the government. The Palais Royal, owned by the king's cousin the duc d'Orléans, was a vast, newly built piazza surrounded by colonnaded shops, theatres and cafés. By the mid-1780s, protected from police regulation by its royal owner and encouraged by that owner's well known antipathy to the court party at Versailles, it had become a city within a city, a place where anything could be seen, said or procured, and the centre of popular opposition to royal abuses.

On that July afternoon the crowd gathered around a passionate young journalist, Camille Desmoulins, who stood on a table urging his fellow-citizens to rise up against the king's 'treachery' in sacking Necker. 'To arms, to arms,' he cried; 'and,' seizing a leafy branch from one of the chestnut trees that edged the Palais Royal, 'let us all take a green cockade, the colour of hope.' With Desmoulins carried triumphantly aloft, the shouting, clamouring, bell-ringing mob surged on to the streets to search Paris for the weapons that would transform them into an army.

The king was not unprepared for this type of rising; indeed, one of the underlying causes for the popular uproar that greeted Necker's dismissal was distrust of the troops—about a third of whom were Swiss or German soldiers rather than French—with which Louis had been quietly surrounding Paris during late June and early July as preparation for a show of force that would silence his critics for good. But the democratic germs of patriotism and reform that had infected the French people had penetrated as far as the lower ranks of the army, for so long a bastion of aristocratic privilege and tradition, and their leaders' response to the crisis was hesitant. The Palais Royal mob, by evening numbering perhaps six thousand, met a cavalry unit of the Royal-Allemands at the Place Vendoˆme and the Place Louis XV (later, Place de la Révolution, and still later Place de la Concorde) just to the north-west of the Tuileries palace, and, reinforced by the popular Paris-based gardes françaises, forced the German and Swiss soldiers, in the early hours of 13 July, to retreat from the city centre. After a day of chaos and . . .

Liberty
The Lives and Times of Six Women in Revolutionary France. Copyright © by Lucy Moore. Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. Available now wherever books are sold.

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations     ix
Maps     xiv
Introduction: Citoyennes     xxi
Salonniere: Germaine de Stael, May-October 1789     1
Fille Sans-Culotte: Pauline Leon, January 1789-March 1791     27
Clubiste: Theroigne de Mericourt, July 1789-August 1790     45
Mondaine: Theresia de Fontenay, May 1789-April 1791     65
Republicaine: Manon Roland, February 1791-March 1792     83
Amazone: Theroigne de Mericourt, August 1790-August 1792     109
Emigree: Germaine de Stael, August-September 1792     135
Femme Politique: Manon Roland, August 1792-May 1793     155
Mariee: Juliette Recamier, February-April 1793     179
Activiste: Pauline Leon, May-August 1793     187
Prisonniere: Manon Roland, June-August 1793     207
Revolutionnaire: Pauline Leon, August-November 1793     223
Victime: Manon Roland, August-November 1793     241
Maitresse: Theresia Cabarrus Fontenay, April 1793-April 1794     261
Liberatrice: Theresia Cabarrus Fontenay, May-July 1794     283
Epouse: Theresia Tallien, August 1794-October 1795     303
Retournee: Germaine de Stael, May 1795-January 1798     327
Icone: Juliette Recamier, April 1797-April 1811     355
Femmes     383
Notes     393
Bibliography     417
Secondary Figures     425
Words and Phrases     437
Acknowledgements     443
Index     445

What People are Saying About This

Judith Warner

“Marvelous.”

Editorial Reviews

A lively new work by a talented young English historian.” — Washington Times

“Marvelous.” — Judith Warner, New York Times Book Review

“A fresh history . . . riveting and revelatory. — Booklist (starred review)

“Fascinating… an absorbing portrait…She successfully contextualizes each of her subjects within a cultural framework-no small feat.” — Kirkus Reviews

“Engrossing and highly readable . . . Moore makes this much more than a collective biography . . . fascinating.” — Library Journal

From the Publisher

A lively new work by a talented young English historian.

Washington Times

A fresh history . . . riveting and revelatory.

Booklist (starred review)

Marvelous.

Judith Warner

"A fresh history . . . riveting and revelatory.

Booklist

Informed lay readers will welcome this engrossing and highly readable study of six women—Germaine de Staël, Pauline Léon, Théroigne de Méricourt, Thérésia de Fontenay, Manon Roland, and Juliette Récamier—whose lives were changed by the upheavals of the French Revolution. While of different backgrounds, social class, and political persuasion, all were transformed in this period. British historian Moore makes this much more than a collective biography, recounting the interconnections among the women and placing them in the context of the changing political climate. Most important, she explains why and how political involvement appealed to these women, examines the triggers that caused each to become politicized, and describes how each hoped to shape the role of women in the new France. Using period sources, she contrasts the expectations of these women with the climate of "revolutionary misogyny" that persisted and, indeed, some might say worsened as the revolution proceeded. She also highlights other women of the age, such as Charlotte Corday and Olympe de Gouges, again emphasizing the political differences and tensions among the women themselves. A glossary of words and phrases and a biographical key to leading revolutionary figures assists general readers, and even academic specialists to whom much of this is familiar will enjoy the rich detail and skillful organization of this fascinating narrative.
—Marie Marmo Mullaney

Library Journal

A fascinating, if disjointed, hagiography of six women often overlooked by the history books despite their behind-the-scenes involvement in the cultural affairs and politics of Revolutionary France. Moore (Maharinis, 2005, etc.) paints an absorbing portrait of a half-dozen viragos. Each would benefit from an in-depth individual biography: sans-culotte radical Pauline Leon; courtesan turned "fatal beauty of the revolution" Theroigne de Mericourt; Theresia de Fontenay, lover of one of the men who brought down Robespierre; Juliette Recamier, who survived the Revolution to run an influential early-19th-century salon; and Manon Roland, a republican who fell victim to the Reign of Terror. The best known is Germaine de Stael, whose salon served as a political bellwether in the turbulent days leading up to the revolution. Daughter of controversial finance minister Jacques Necker and wife of the Swedish ambassador to France, the well-placed de Stael enlisted the aid of Lafayette and other constitutionalists in 1792 to offer a shrewd plan for smuggling the king and queen out of France. In one of her many miscalculations, Marie-Antoinette "sent a frosty message back saying that there was no very pressing reason for the royal family to leave Paris." Moore has a habit of offering gossipy, overly detailed digression, but she successfully contextualizes each of her subjects within a cultural framework-no small feat, given the exceedingly complex, rapidly changing social and sexual guidelines governing these women. The narrative round-robin can be chaotic. Still, an attractive book for those with an interest in women's history of the period. Agent: Eric Simonoff/Janklow & Nesbit

Kirkus Reviews