Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing, Compact Edition / Edition 6

by Edgar Roberts, Robert Zweig

Overview

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For literature-based Composition II and Introduction to Literature courses.

Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing, Compact Sixth Edition is founded on the principles of writing about literature. First, students learn how to engage deeply and critically with a broad selection of stories, poems, and plays. Second, the writing process is carefully and thoroughly integrated into the presentation of all literary genres, elements, and major writers throughout the entire text. Complete coverage of writing about each literary element, “casebooks” that allow for deeper exploration of important writers in each genre, and a total of 53 exemplary student essays and paragraphs with accompanying commentary ensure that students gain a thorough comprehension of the conventions, strategies, and organizational patterns to allow them to think critically about literature and to produce thoughtful and compelling essays, paragraphs, documented research papers, and examination responses.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780321944788
Publisher:	Pearson Education
Publication date:	01/31/2014
Edition description:	Compact
Pages:	1760
Product dimensions:	6.30(w) x 8.90(h) x 1.60(d)

About the Author

About Edgar V. Roberts

Edgar V. Roberts, Emeritus Professor of English at Lehman College of The City University of New York, is a native of Minnesota. He graduated from the Minneapolis public schools in 1946, and received his Doctorate from the University of Minnesota in 1960. He taught English at Minnesota, the University of Maryland Overseas Division, Wayne State University, Hunter College, and Lehman College. From 1979 to 1988, He was Chair of the English Department of Lehman College.

He served in the U.S. Army in 1946 and 1947, seeing duty in Arkansas, the Philippine Islands, and Colorado.

He published articles about the plays of Henry Fielding, the subject of his Ph.D. dissertation. In 1968 he published a scholarly edition of John Gay's The Beggar's Opera (1728), and in 1969 he published a similar edition of Fielding's The Grub-Street Opera (1731), both with the University of Nebraska Press. He first published Writing About Literature (then named Writing Themes About Literature) in 1964, with Prentice Hall. Since then, this book has undergone twelve separate revisions, for a total of thirteen editions. In 1986, with Henry E. Jacobs of the University of Alabama, he published the first edition of Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. After Professor Jacobs's untimely death in the summer of 1986, Professor Roberts continued working on changes and revisions to keep this text up to date. The Ninth Edition was published early in 2009, with Pearson Longman. The Fourth Compact Edition of Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing was published in 2008.

Professor Roberts is an enthusiastic devoté of symphonic music and choral singing, having sung in local church choirs for forty years. Recently he has sung (bass) with the New Choral Society of Scarsdale, New York (where he lives), singing in classic works by Handel, Beethoven, Bruckner, Bach, Orff, Britten, Brahms, and others. He is a fan of both the New York Mets and the New York Yankees. When the two teams play in inter-league games, he is uneasy because he dislikes seeing either team lose. He also likes both the Giants and the Jets. He has been an avid jogger ever since the early 1960s, and he enjoys watching national and international track meets.

Professor Roberts encourages queries, comments, and suggestions from students who have been using any of the various books. Use the following email address: [e-mail].

About Robert Zweig

Robert Zweig is a tenured, full professor at Manhattan Community College of the City University of New York. He teaches courses in Literature and Writing and for many years was the Intensive Writing Coordinator for the college.

He has a doctorate in English Literature from the City University of New York, a Masters from Queens College in creative writing and a bachelor’s degree from Queens College in English literature. Dr. Zweig has numerous peer-reviewed publications in journals, encyclopedias and books. Dr. Zweig is co-author of Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing, a bestselling introduction to literature textbook published by Pearson. His translations of the Italian poet and Nobel Laureate Eugentio Montale appear in this text.

Dr. Zweig has lectured extensively throughout the United States and Italy on Victorian Literature, Poetics and contemporary culture. Some of the American universities he has addressed include Notre Dame, New York University, University of California, Harvard, University of Illinois, University of Delaware, Rutgers University and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York.

He has received several scholarships and awards, including a Mellon Fellowship and the Phi Beta Kappa award for “Outstanding Teaching Skills” as one of the Top Ten Professors at Manhattan Community College.

Table of Contents

***** NEW SECTIONS ARE INDICATED WITH "(NEW)" AT THE END OF THE LINE.

Detailed Table of Contents

Topical and Thematic Contents

Preface

PART I The Process of Reading, Responding to, and Writing About Literature

What Is Literature, and Why Do We Study It?

Types of Literature: The Genres

Reading Literature and Responding to It Actively

GUY DE MAUPASSANT The Necklace

To go to a ball, Mathilde Loisel borrows a necklace from a rich friend, but the evening of her dreams has unforeseen consequences.

Reading and Responding in a Computer File or Notebook

Sample Notebook Entries on Maupassant's "The Necklace"

Major Stages in Thinking and Writing About Literary Topics: Discovering Ideas, Preparing to Write, Making an Initial Draft of Your Essay, and Completing the Essay

Writing Does Not Come Easily–for Anyone

The Goal of Writing: To Show a Process of Thought

Discovering Ideas ("Brainstorming")

Study the Characters in the Work

Determine the Work’s Historical Period and Background

Analyze the Work’s Economic and Social Conditions

Explain the Work’s Major Ideas

Describe the Work’s Artistic Qualities

Explain Any Other Approaches That Seem Important

Preparing to Write

Build Ideas from Your Original Notes

Trace Patterns of Action and Thought

The Need for the Actual Physical Process of Writing

Raise and Answer Your Own Questions

Put Ideas Together Using a Plus-Minus, Pro-Con, or Either-Or Method

Originate and Develop Your Thoughts Through Writing

Making an Initial Draft of Your Essay

Base Your Essay on a Central Idea, Argument, or Statement

The Need for a Sound Argument in Essays About Literature

Create a Thesis Sentence as Your Guide to Organization

Begin Each Paragraph with a Topic Sentence

Select Only One Topic–No More–for Each Paragraph

Referring to the Names of Authors

Use Your Topic Sentences as the Arguments for Your Paragraph Development

The Use of Verb Tenses in the Discussion of Literary Works

Develop an Outline as the Means of Organizing Your Essay

Basic Writing Types: Paragraphs and Essays

A Paragraph Assignment

Commentary on the Paragraph

Illustrative Student Essay (First Draft):How Setting in "The Necklace" Is Related to the Character of Mathilde

Completing the Essay: Developing and Strengthening Your Essay Through Revision

Make Your Own Arrangement of Details and Ideas

Use Literary Material as Evidence to Support Your Argument

Always Keep to Your Point; Stick to It Tenaciously

Check Your Development and Organization

Try to Be Original

Write with Specific Readers as Your Intended Audience

Use Exact, Comprehensive, and Forceful Language

Illustrative Student Essay (Improved Draft):How Maupassant Uses Setting in "The Necklace" to Show the Character of Mathilde

Commentary on the Essay

Essay Commentaries

A Summary of Guidelines

Writing Topics About the Writing Process

Using Sources Effectively

A Short Guide to the Use of References and Quotations in Essays About Literature

Integrate Passages and Ideas into Your Essay

Distinguish Your Thoughts from Those of Your Author

Integrate Material by Using Quotation Marks

Blend Quotations into Your Own Sentences

Indent Long Quotations and Set Them in Block Format

Use an Ellipsis to Show Omissions

Use Square Brackets to Enclose Words That You Add Within Quotations

Be Careful Not to Overquote

Preserve the Spellings in Your Source

PART II Reading and Writing About Fiction

1 Fiction: An Overview

Modern Fiction

The Short Story

Elements of Fiction I: Verisimilitude and Donnée

Elements of Fiction II: Character, Plot, Structure, and Idea or Theme

Elements of Fiction III: The Writer’s Tools

Visualizing Fiction: Cartoons, Graphic Narratives, Graphic Novels

Dan Piraro, from Bizarro • Art Spiegelman, from Maus (Expanded)

STORIES FOR STUDY

INES ARREDONDO The Shunammite (NEW)

A condemned man dreams of escape, freedom, and family A young woman agrees to nurse her dying uncle, but then must face a more difficult decision..

AMBROSE BIERCE An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge

A condemned man dreams of escape, freedom, and family.

SANDRA CISNEROS Mericans

As a group of Mexican American children play together, they develop understanding of both their personal and national identities.

WILLIAM FAULKNER A Rose for Emily

Even seemingly ordinary people hide deep and bizarre mysteries.

TIM O’BRIEN The Things They Carried

During the Vietnam War, American soldiers carry not only their weighty equipment but many memories.

Plot: The Motivation and Causality of Fiction

Writing About the Plot of a Story

Illustrative Student Essay: Plot in Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily"

Commentary on the Essay

Using Sources Effectively: Quoting an Author's Work

Writing Topics About Plot in Fiction

2 Point of View: The Position or Stance of the Work’s Narrator or Speaker

An Exercise in Point of View: Reporting an Accident

Conditions That Affect Point of View

Point of View and Opinions

Determining a Work’s Point of View

Mingling Points of View

Point of View and Verb Tense

Summary: Guidelines for Points of View

STORIES FOR STUDY

RAYMOND CARVER Cathedral

A husband and wife receive a blind visitor who affects the husband's way of seeing things.

SHIRLEY JACKSON The Lottery

What would it be like if the prize at a community-sponsored lottery were not the cash that people ordinarily hope to win?

JOYCE CAROL OATES Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been

A teenage girl is visited by an aggressive stranger who does not take “no” for an answer.

ZZ PACKER Brownies

What happens at Camp Crescendo after the girls in Laurel’s Brownie Troop decide to attack the girls in Brownie Troop 909?

Writing About Point of View

Illustrative Student Essay: Shirley Jackson’s Dramatic Point of View in “The Lottery”

Commentary on the Essay

Using Sources Effectively: Summary

Writing Topics About Point of View

3 Characters: The People in Fiction

Character Traits

How Authors Disclose Character in Literature

Types of Characters: Round and Flat

Reality and Probability: Verisimilitude

STORIES FOR STUDY

ERNEST J. GAINES The Sky Is Gray (NEW)

The Sky is Grey: On a trip with his mother, a boy learns about the harshness of life and what it takes to survive.

SUSAN GLASPELL A Jury of Her Peers

In a small farmhouse kitchen early in the twentieth century, the wives of men investigating a murder discover significant evidence that forces them to make an urgent decision. What is the definition of a "brave" man, and does that mean he commands fear or respect?

ZORA NEALE HURSTON Spunk (NEW)

What is the definition of a "brave" man, and does that mean he commands fear or respect?

KATHERINE MANSFIELD Miss Brill

Miss Brill goes to the park for a pleasant afternoon, but she does not find what she was expecting.

AMY TAN Two Kinds

Jing-Mei leads her own kind of life despite the wishes and hopes of her mother.

Writing About Character

Illustrative Student Essay: The Character of Minnie Wright in Glaspell’s “A Jury of Her Peers”

Commentary on the Essay

Writing Topics About Character

4 Setting: The Background of Place, Objects, and Culture in Stories

What Is Setting?

The Literary Uses of Setting

STORIES FOR STUDY

JAMES JOYCE Araby

An introspective boy learns much about himself when he tries to keep a promise.

CYNTHIA OZICK The Shawl

Can a mother in a Nazi concentration camp save her starving and crying baby?

EDGAR ALLAN POE The Cask of Amantillado

A vengeful courtier tempts an enemy with a bottle of fine wine.

LESLIE MARMON SILKO The Man to Send Rain Clouds (NEW)

When a Native American dies, his friends must pose their respect for ancient tribal beliefs with the conventions of contemporary religion.

Writing About Setting

Illustrative Student Essay: The Interaction of Story and Setting in James Joyce’s “Araby”

Commentary on the Essay

Writing Topics About Setting

5 Structure: The Organization of Stories

Formal Categories of Structure

Formal and Actual Structure

STORIES FOR STUDY

RALPH ELLISON Battle Royal

An intelligent black student, filled with hopes and dreams, is treated with monstrous indignity.

GERI LIPSCHULTZ Slow Dance of the Heart (NEW)

Mei Ling Teng's long life leading from the Orient to the United States has been filled with the deprivation, agony, and insult of war, but she has also known love

DANIEL OROZCO Orientation

A new employee is introduced to the rather unusual and surprising situations in the office.

EUDORA WELTY A Worn Path

Phoenix Jackson, a devoted grandmother, walks a worn path on a mission of great love.

Writing About Structure in a Story

Illustrative Student Essay: The Structure of Eudora Welty’s ”A Worn Path”

Commentary on the Essay

Writing Topics About Structure

6 Tone and Style: The Words That Convey Attitudes in Fiction

Diction: The Writer’s Choice and Control of Words

Tone, Irony, and Style

Tone, Humor, and Style

STORIES FOR STUDY

KATE CHOPIN The Story of an Hour

Louise Mallard is shocked and grieved by news that her husband has been killed, but she is in for an even greater shock.

DAGOBERTO GILB Love in L.A.

In L.A., people often meet each other under the most unusual and improbable circumstances.

ERNEST HEMINGWAY Hills Like White Elephants

While waiting for a train, a man and woman reluctantly discuss an urgent situation.

FRANK O’CONNOR First Confession

Jackie as a young man tells about his first childhood experience with confession.

JOHN UPDIKE A & P

As a checkout clerk at the A & P near the local beaches, Sammy experiences the consequences of a difficult choice.

Writing About Tone and Style

Illustrative Student Essay: Frank O’Connor’s Control of Tone and Style in “First Confession"

Commentary on the Essay

Writing Topics About Tone and Style

7 Symbolism and Allegory: Keys to Extended Meaning

Symbolism

Allegory

Fable, Parable, and Myth

Allusion in Symbolism and Allegory

STORIES FOR STUDY

AESOP The Fox and the Grapes

What do people think about things that they can’t have?

ANONYMOUS The Myth of Atalanta

In ancient times, how could a superior woman maintain power and integrity?

ANITA SCOTT COLEMAN Unfinished Masterpieces (NEW)

How do we judge whether people have lived up to their fullest potential, and what effects the way people develop over their lives?

NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE Young Goodman Brown

In colonial Salem, Goodman Brown has a bewildering experience that changes his outlook on life.

LUKE The Parable of the Prodigal Son

Is there any limit to what a person can do to make divine forgiveness impossible?

KATHERINE ANNE PORTER The Jilting of Granny Weatherall

As the end nears, Granny Weatherall has her memories and is surrounded by her loving adult children.

JOHN STEINBECK The Chrysanthemums

As a housewife on a small ranch, Elisa Allen experiences changes to her sense of self-worth.

Writing About Symbolism and Allegory

Illustrative Student Essay (Symbolism): Symbols of Light and Darkness in Porter’s “The Jilting of Granny Weatherall”

Commentary on the Essay About Symbolism

Second Illustrative Student Essay (Allegory): The Allegory of Hawthorne’s “Young Goodman Brown”

Commentary on the Essay About Allegory

Writing Topics About Symbolism and Allegory

8 Idea or Theme: The Meaning and the Message in Fiction

Ideas and Assertions

Ideas and Issues

Ideas and Values

The Place of Ideas in Literature

How to Find Ideas

STORIES FOR STUDY

MARGARET ATWOOD Happy Endings (NEW)

How accurately does the word "happy" fit any of these endings, and why?

TONI CADE BAMBARA The Lesson

When a group of children visits a toy store for the wealthy, some of them draw conclusions about society and themselves.

D. H. LAWRENCE The Horse Dealer’s Daughter

Dr. Jack Fergusson and Mabel Pervin find, in each other’s love, a new reason for being.

AMÉRICO PAREDES The Hammon and the Beans

Is American liberty restricted to people of only one group, or is it for everyone?

Writing About a Major Idea in Fiction

Illustrative Student Essay: D. H. Lawrence’s “The Horse Dealer’s Daughter” as an Expression of the Idea that Loving Commitment Is Essential in Life

Commentary on the Essay

Writing Topics About Ideas

9 A Casebook of Four Stories by Edgar Allan Poe with Critical Readings for Research

Poe’s Life and Career

Poe’s Work as a Journalist and Writer of Fiction

Poe’s Reputation

Bibliographic Sources

Writing Topics About Poe

FOUR STORIES BY EDGAR ALLAN POE (CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED)

The Fall of the House of Usher (1839)

The Masque of the Red Death (1842)

The Black Cat (1843)

The Tell-Tale Heart (1843/1850) (NEW)

Edited Selections from Criticism of Poe’s Stories

1. Poe’s Irony • 2. The Narrators of “The Cask of Amontillado” and “The Fall of the House of Usher” • 3. “The Fall of the House of Usher” • 4. “The Black Cat” and “The Tell-Tale Heart” • 5. “The Masque of the Red Death” • 6. Symbolism in “The Masque of the Red Death” • 7. “The Masque of the Red Death” as Representative of a “Diseased Age” • 8. Sources and Analogues of “The Cask of Amontillado” • 9. Poe’s Idea of Unity and “The Fall of the House of Usher” • 10. The Narrators of “The Cask of Amontillado” and “The Black Cat” • 11. Poe, Women, and “The Fall of the House of Usher” • 12. The Deceptive Narrator of “The Black Cat”

10 Collection of Stories for Additional Enjoyment and Study

WILLIAM FAULKNER Barn Burning

A young country boy grows in awareness, conscience, and individuality despite his hostile father.

CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN The Yellow Wallpaper

Who is the woman who is trying to emerge from behind the yellow wallpaper?

JAMAICA KINCAID Girl (NEW)

Despite the "generation gap," a mother tries to teach her daughter how to behave properly

FLANNERY O'CONNOR A Good Man Is Hard to Find

“The grandmother didn’t want to go to Florida. She wanted to visit some of her connections in east Tennessee. . . .”

ALICE WALKER Everyday Use

Mrs. Johnson, with her daughter Maggie, is visited by her citified daughter Dee, whose return home is accompanied by surprises.

10A Writing a Research Essay on Fiction

Selecting a Topic

Setting Up a Working Bibliography

Locating Sources

Searching the Internet

Evaluating Sources (box)

Searching Library Resources

Important Considerations About Computer-Aided Research (box)

Reviewing the Bibliographies in Major Critical Studies on Your Topic

Consulting Bibliographical Guides

Gaining Access to Books and Articles Through Databases

Taking Notes and Paraphrasing Material

Taking Complete and Accurate Notes

Plagiarism: An Embarrassing but Vital Subject—and a Danger to be Overcome (box)

Being Creative and Original While Doing Research

Documenting Your Work

Integrating and Attributing Your Sources (BOX)

Strategies for Organizing Ideas in Your Research Essay

Illustrative Student Essay Using Research: The Structure of Katherine Mansfield’s “Miss Brill”

Commentary on the Essay

Using Sources Effectively: Paraphrasing to Avoid Plagiarism

Writing Topics About How to Undertake a Research Essay

PART III Reading and Writing About Poetry

11 Meeting Poetry: An Overview

The Nature of Poetry

BILLY COLLINS Schoolsville

LISEL MUELLER Hope

ROBERT HERRICK Here a Pretty Baby Lies

Poetry of the English Language

How to Read a Poem

Studying Poetry

Anonymous Sir Patrick Spens

POEMS FOR STUDY

GWENDOLYN BROOKS The Mother

EMILY DICKINSON Because I Could Not Stop for Death

RITA DOVE The House Slave (NEW)

ROBERT FRANCIS Catch

ROBERT FROST Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening

THOMAS HARDY The Man He Killed

JOY HARJO Eagle Poem

RANDALL JARRELL The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner

BEN JONSON On My First Daughter

KENNETH KOCH Variations on a Theme by William Carlos Williams (NEW)

LOUIS MACNEICE Snow

MAGUS MAGNUS An Old Soldier Cleans His Rifle for the Last Time (NEW)

JIM NORTHRUP Ogichidag

NAOMI SHIHAB NYE Where Children Live

LOUIS SIMPSON American Poetry (NEW)

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 55: Not Marble, Nor the Gilded Monuments

ELAINE TERRANOVA Rush Hour

WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS This Is Just to Say (NEW)

WILLIAM WORDSWORTH Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey

Writing a Paraphrase of a Poem (Paragraph Length)

Illustrative Student Paraphrase: A Paraphrase of Thomas Hardy’s “The Man He Killed”

Commentary on the Paraphrase

Writing an Explication of a Poem (Essay Length)

Illustrative Student Essay: An Explication of Thomas Hardy’s “ Man He Killed”

Commentary on the Essay

Using Sources Effectively: Paraphrasing to Set the Stage for Analysis

Writing Topics About the Nature of Poetry

12 Words: The Building Blocks of Poetry

Choice of Diction: Specific and Concrete, General and Abstract

Levels of Diction

Special Types of Diction

Syntax

Decorum: The Matching of Subject and Word (BOX)

Denotation and Connotation

ROBERT GRAVES The Naked and the Nude

POEMS FOR STUDY

JOHN ASHBERY The Cathedral Is (NEW)

CHARLES BEAUDELAIRE Exotic Perfumes (NEW)

WILLIAM BLAKE The Lamb

LEWIS CARROLL Jabberwocky

HAYDEN CARRUTH An Apology for Using the Word “Heart” in Too Many Poems

ROBERT CREELEY I Know a Man (NEW)

E. E. CUMMINGS next to of course god america I

JOHN DONNE Holy Sonnet 14: Batter My Heart, Three-Personed God

A. E. HOUSMAN To an Athlete Dying Young (NEW)

CAROLYN KIZER Night Sounds

DENISE LEVERTOV Of Being

GERI LIPSCHULTZ In the Beginning of the End (NEW)

JUDITH ORTIZ COFER Latin Women Pray

EDWIN ARLINGTON ROBINSON Richard Cory

THEODORE ROETHKE Dolor

KAY RYAN Crib

STEPHEN SPENDER I Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great

WALLACE STEVENS Disillusionment of Ten O’Clock

MARK STRAND Eating Poetry

NATASHA TRETHEWEY White Lies (NEW)

WILLIAM WORDSWORTH Daffodils (I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud)

PAUL ZIMMER The Day Zimmer Lost Religion

Writing About Diction and Syntax in Poetry

Illustrative Student Essay: Diction and Character in Robinson’s “Richard Cory”

Commentary on the Essay

Using Sources Effectively: Summarizing to Provide Necessary Background

Writing Topics About the Words of Poetry

13 IMAGERY: THE POEM’S LINK TO THE SENSES

Responses and the Writer’s Use of Detail

The Relationship of Imagery to Ideas and Attitudes

Types of Imagery

JOHN MASEFIELD Cargoes

WILFRED OWEN Anthem for Doomed Youth

ELIZABETH BISHOP The Fish

POEMS FOR STUDY

ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING Sonnets from the Portuguese, Number 14: If Thou Must Love Me

SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE Kubla Khan

T. S. ELIOT Preludes

LOUISE ERDRICH Indian Boarding School: The Runaways

SUSAN GRIFFIN Love Should Grow Up Like a Wild Iris in the Fields

THOMAS HARDY Channel Firing

H. D. (HILDA DOOLITTLE) Heat (NEW)

GEORGE HERBERT The Pulley

GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS Spring

ROBINSON JEFFERS Hurt Hawks (NEW)

DENISE LEVERTOV A Time Past

AMY LOWELL The Taxi (NEW)

THOMAS LUX The Voice You Hear When You Read Silently

MARIANNE MOORE The Fish

PABLO NERUDA Every Day You Play

EDGAR ALLAN POE To Helen (NEW)

EZRA POUND In a Station of the Metro

BENJAMIN ALIRE SÁENZ To the Desert (NEW)

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 13: My Mistress’ Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun

CHARLES SIMIC Fork (NEW)

JAMES TATE Dream On

DAVID WOJAHN “It’s Only Rock and Roll, but I Like It”: The Fall of Saigon

Writing About Imagery

Illustrative Student Essay: Imagery in Masefield's "Cargoes"

Commentary on the Essay

Writing Topics About Imagery in Poetry

14 FIGURES OF SPEECH, OR METAPHORICAL LANGUAGE: A SOURCE OF DEPTH AND RANGE IN POETRY

Metaphors and Similes: The Major Figures of Speech

Characteristics of Metaphorical Language

JOHN KEATS On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer

Vehicle and Tenor

Other Figures of Speech

JOHN KEATS Bright Star

POEMS FOR STUDY

WILLIAM BLAKE The Tyger

ROBERT BURNS A Red, Red Rose

JOHN DONNE A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning

ALAN DUGAN Untitled Poem II (NEW)

FEDERICO GARCÍA LORCA Sonnet of the Sweet Complaint (NEW)

John Gay Let Us take the Road

THOMAS HARDY The Convergence of the Twain

JOY HARJO Remember

JOHN KEATS To Autumn

JANE KENYON Let Evening Come

JUDITH MINTY Conjoined

OGDEN NASH Exit, Pursued by a Bear (NEW)

PABLO NERUDA If You Forget Me

MARY OLIVER Showing the Birds

MARGE PIERCY A Work of Artifice

MARGUERITE RIVAS Pilgrimage (NEW)

MURIEL RUKEYSER Looking at Each Other

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 18: Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 30: When to the Sessions of Sweet Silent Thought

ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON Break, Break, Break (NEW)

ELIZABETH TUDOR, QUEEN ELIZABETH I On Monsieur’s Departure

MONA VAN DUYN Earth Tremors Felt in Missouri

DIANE WAKOSKI Inside Out (NEW)

WALT WHITMAN Facing West from California’s Shores

WILLIAM WORDSWORTH London, 1802

SIR THOMAS WYATT I Find No Peace

Writing Topics About Figures of Speech

Illustrative Student Paragraph: Wordsworth’s Use of Overstatement in “London, 1802”

Commentary on the Paragraph

Illustrative Student Essay: A Study of Shakespeare’s Metaphors in Sonnet 30: “When to the Sessions of Sweet Silent Thought”

Commentary on the Essay

Writing Topics About Figures of Speech in Poetry

15 TONE: THE CREATION OF ATTITUDE IN POETRY

Tone, Choice, and Response

CORNELIUS WHUR The First-Rate Wife

Tone and the Need for Control

WILFRED OWEN Dulce et Decorum Est

Tone and Common Grounds of Assent

Tone in Conversation and Poetry

Tone and Irony

THOMAS HARDY The Workbox

Tone and Satire

ALEXANDER POPE Epigram from the French

ALEXANDER POPE Epigram, Engraved on the Collar of a Dog Which I Gave to His Royal Highness

POEMS FOR STUDY

W. H. AUDEN The Unknown Citizen

WILLIAM BLAKE On Another’s Sorrow

JIMMY CARTER I Wanted to Share My Father’s World

LUCILLE CLIFTON homage to my hips

BILLY COLLINS The Names

COUNTEE CULLEN Yet Do I Marvel (NEW)

E. E. CUMMINGS she being Brand / -new

MARTIN ESPADA Bully

MARI EVANS I Am a Black Woman

SEAMUS HEANEY Mid-Term Break

WILLIAM ERNEST HENLEY When You Are Old

DAVID IGNATOW The Bagel (NEW)

YUSEF KOMUNYAKAA Facing It (NEW)

ABRAHAM LINCOLN My Childhood’s Home

CHRISTOPHER OKIGBO Bright (NEW)

SHARON OLDS The Planned Child

ARTHUR O'SHAUGHNESSY A Love Symphony (NEW)

ROBERT PINSKY Dying

SALVATORE QUASÍMODO Auschwitz

THEODORE ROETHKE My Papa’s Waltz

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Fear No More the Heat o' th' Sun

CATHY SONG Lost Sister

C. K. WILLIAMS Dimensions

WILLIAM WORDSWORTH The Solitary Reaper

JAMES WRIGHT Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio (NEW)

JAMES WRIGHT Two Hangovers (NEW)

WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS When You Are Old

Writing About Tone in Poetry

Illustrative Student Essay: The Speaker’s Attitudes in Sharon Olds’s “The Planned Child”

Commentary on the Essay

Writing Topics About Tone in Poetry

16 FORM: THE SHAPE OF POEMS

Closed-Form Poetry

ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON The Eagle

ANONYMOUS Spun in High, Dark Clouds

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 116: Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds

Open-Form Poetry

WALT WHITMAN When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer (NEW)

Visualizing Poetry: Poetry and Artistic Expression: Visual Poetry, Concrete Poetry, and Prose Poems

E. E. CUMMINGS Buffalo Bill’s Defunct

WILLIAM HEYEN Mantle

MAY SWENSON Women

CAROLYN FORCHÉ The Colonel

POEMS FOR STUDY

JOHN BERRYMAN Dream Song 14 (NEW)

ELIZABETH BISHOP One Art

ELIZABETH BISHOP Sestina (NEW)

BILLY COLLINS Sonnet

JOHN DRYDEN To the Memory of Mr. Oldham

LAWRENCE FERLINGHETTI, Constantly Risking Absurdity (NEW)

ROBERT FROST Desert Places

ALLEN GINSBERG A Supermarket in California

GEORGE HERBERT Virtue

BEN JONSON To Celia (NEW)

JOHN KEATS Ode to a Nightingale

YUSEF KOMUNYAKAA Grenade

CLAUDE McKAY In Bondage

JOHN MILTON On His Blindness (When I Consider How My Light Is Spent)

DUDLEY RANDALL Ballad of Birmingham

THEODORE ROETHKE The Waking

PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY Ozymandias

DYLAN THOMAS Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night

JEAN TOOMER Reapers

PHYLLIS WEBB Poetics Against the Angel of Death

WALT WHITMAN Reconciliation (NEW)

WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS The Dance

Writing About Form in Poetry

Illustrative Student Essay: Form and Meaning in George Herbert’s “Virtue”

Commentary on the Essay

Writing Topics About Poetic Form

17 SYMBOLISM AND ALLUSION: WINDOWS TO WIDE EXPANSES OF MEANING

Symbolism and Meanings

VIRGINIA SCOTT Snow

The Function of Symbolism in Poetry

Allusions and Meaning

Studying for Symbols and Allusions

POEMS FOR STUDY

AMIRI BARAKA Legacy (NEW)

EMILY BRONTË No Coward Soul Is Mine

MARILYN CHIN Autumn Leaves (NEW)

LUCILLE CLIFTON cutting greens (NEW)

ARTHUR HUGH CLOUGH Say Not the Struggle Nought Availeth

JOHN DONNE The Canonization

STEPHEN DUNN Hawk

ISABELLA GARDNER Collage of Echoes

DAN GEORGAKIS Hiroshima Crewman

THOMAS HARDY In Time of “The Breaking of Nations”

GEORGE HERBERT The Collar

ROBINSON JEFFERS The Purse-Seine

JOHN KEATS La Belle Dame Sans Merci: A Ballad

X. J. KENNEDY Old Men Pitching Horseshoes

ANDREW MARVELL To His Coy Mistress

CAROL MUSKE DUKES Real Estate (NEW)

MARY OLIVER Wild Geese

KAY RYAN We're Building the Ship as We Sail It

GARY SNYDER Milton by Firelight

JUDITH VIORST A Wedding Sonnet for the Next Generation

WALT WHITMAN A Noiseless Patient Spider

RICHARD WILBUR Year's End

WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS The Second Coming

Writing About Symbolism and Allusion in Poetry

Illustrative Student Essay: Symbolism in Oliver's "Wild Geese"

Commentary on the Essay

Writing Topics About Symbolism and Allusion in Poetry

18 FOUR MAJOR AMERICAN POETS: EMILY DICKINSON, ROBERT FROST, LANGSTON HUGHES, AND SYLVIA PLATH

EMILY DICKINSON’S Life and Work

Topics for Writing About the Poetry of Emily Dickinson

POEMS BY EMILY DICKINSON (ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED)

A Narrow Fellow in the Grass(J986, F1096) (NEW)

After Great Pain, a Formal Feeling Comes (J341, F372)

Because I Could Not Stop for Death (J712, F479) (Included in Chapter 11, p. )

The Bustle in a House (J1078, F1108)

"Faith" Is a Fine Invention (J185, F202) (NEW)

I Cannot Live with You (J640, F706)

I Died for Beauty – But Was Scarce (J449, F448)

I Dwell in Possibility (F466, J657)

I Felt a Funeral in My Brain (J280, F340)

I Heard a Fly Buzz – When I Died (J465, F591)

I Like to See It Lap the Miles (J585, F383)

I’m Nobody! Who Are You? (J288, F260)

I Never Lost as Much but Twice (J49, F39)

I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed (J214, F207)

Much Madness Is Divinest Sense (J435, F620)

My Life Closed Twice Before Its Close (J1732, F1773)

One Need Not Be a Chamber – To Be Haunted (J670, F407)

Safe in Their Alabaster Chambers (J216, F124)

Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church (J324, F236)

The Soul Selects Her Own Society (J303, F409)

Success Is Counted Sweetest (J67, F112)

Tell All the Truth but Tell It Slant (J1129, F1263)

There Is No Frigate Like a Book (J1263, F1286) (NEW)

There’s a Certain Slant of Light (J258, F320)

Triumph May Be of Several Kinds (J455, F680)

Wild Nights – Wild Nights! (J249, F269)

Edited Selections from Criticism of Dickinson’s Poems

1. From “Orthodox Modernisms”

2. From “The Landscape of the Spirit”

3. From “The American Plain Style”

4. From “The Histrionic Imagination”

5. From “The Gothic Mode”

ROBERT FROST’S LIFE AND WORK

Writing Topics About the Poetry of Robert Frost

POEMS BY ROBERT FROST (CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED)

In White (1912) (NEW)

Mending Wall (1914)

After Apple-Picking (1915) (NEW)

Birches (1915)

The Road Not Taken (1915)

”Out, Out—” (1916)

The Oven Bird (1916)

Fire and Ice (1920)

Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening (1923) (In Chapter 11, p. )

Nothing Gold Can Stay (1923)

Acquainted with the Night (1928)

Desert Places (1936) (In Chapter 16, p. )

Design (1936)

The Silken Tent (1936)

The Gift Outright (1941)

LANGSTON HUGHES’S LIFE AND WORK

Writing Topics About the Poetry of Langston Hughes

POEMS by LANGSTON HUGHES (ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED)

Bad Man (NEW)

Ballad of the Landlord

Dead in There

Dream Boogie (NEW)

Dream Variations

Harlem

I, Too (NEW)

Let America Be America Again

Negro

The Negro Speaks of Rivers

125th Street

Po’ Boy Blues

Subway Rush Hour

Theme for English B

The Weary Blues

SYLVIA PLATH’S LIFE AND WORK

Writing Topics About the Poetry of Sylvia Plath

POEMS BY SYLVIA PLATH (ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED)

Ariel

The Colossus

Cut

Daddy

Edge

The Hanging Man

Lady Lazarus

Last Words

Metaphors

Mirror

The Rival

Song for a Summer’s Day

Tulips

19 COLLECTION OF POEMS FOR ADDITIONAL STUDY AND ENJOYMENT

Ai (FLORENCE ANTHONY) Conversation

ANNA AKHMATOVA Willow

SHERMAN ALEXIE On the Amtrak from Boston to New York City

AGHA SHAHID ALI Postcard from Kashmir (NEW)

JULIA ALVAREZ Woman’s Work (NEW)

MAYA ANGELOU Still I Rise

ANONYMOUS (NAVAJO) Healing Prayer from the Beautyway Chant

MATTHEW ARNOLD Dover Beach

MARGARET ATWOOD You fit into me (NEW)

W. H. AUDEN Musée des Beaux Arts

LOUISE BOGAN Women

JORGE LUIS BORGES The Art of Poetry

ANNE BRADSTREET The Author to Her Book (NEW)

ANNE BRADSTREET To My Dear and Loving Husband

EMILY BRONTE Love and Friendship

GWENDOLYN BROOKS We Real Cool

ROBERT BROWNING My Last Duchess

ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING Sonnets from the Portuguese: Number 43, How Do I Love Thee

GEORGE GORDON, LORD BYRON She Walks in Beauty

BILLY COLLINS Days

STEPHEN CRANE Do Not Weep, Maiden, for War Is Kind

E. E. CUMMINGS anyone lived in a pretty how town (NEW)

E. E. CUMMINGS if there are any heavens

JOHN DONNE Holy Sonnet 10: Death Be Not Proud

RITA DOVE Daystar (NEW)

SIR EDWARD DYER My Mind to Me a Kingdom Is (NEW)

BOB DYLAN The Times They Are a-Changin' (NEW)

T. S. ELIOT The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

MARTíN ESPADA Latin Night at the Pawnshop (NEW)

RHINA ESPAILLAT Bilingual/Bilingue (NEW)

CHIEF DAN GEORGE The Beauty of the Trees

NIKKI GIOVANNI Poetry

DANIEL HALPERN Snapshot of Hué

THOMAS HARDY The Ruined Maid

FRANCES E. W. HARPER She’s Free!

ROBERT HASS Spring Rain

ROBERT HAYDEN Those Winter Sundays

ROBERT HERRICK Corinna's Going A-Maying (NEW)

JANET HOLMES Cinquains for Rocky (NEW)

A. D. HOPE Advice to Young Ladies

GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS Pied Beauty

A. E. HOUSMAN When I was one-and-twenty (NEW)

ROBINSON JEFFERS The Answer

DONALD JUSTICE On the Death of Friends in Childhood

DONALD JUSTICE Order in the Streets (NEW)

JOHN KEATS Ode on a Grecian Urn

GALWAY KINNELL After Making Love We Hear Footsteps

YAHIA LABABIDI What Do Animals Dream?

PHILLIP LARKIN Talking in Bed (NEW)

LI-YOUNG LEE A Final Thing

AUDRE LORDE Now That I am Forever with Child (NEW)

AMY LOWELL Patterns

MAGUS MAGNUS Antaeus/Anchises (NEW)

EDNA ST. VINCENT MILLAY Travel (NEW)

EDNA ST. VINCENT MILLAY What Lips My Lips Have Kissed, and Where, and Why

N. SCOTT MOMADAY The Bear

HOWARD NEMEROV Life Cycle of Common Man

JIM NORTHRUP wahbegan

SHARON OLDS The Moment the Two Worlds Meet (NEW)

SIMON ORTIZ A Story of How a Wall Stands

DOROTHY PARKER Afternoon (NEW)

DOROTHY PARKER Résumé

LINDA PASTAN Marks

MARGE PIERCY The Secretary Chant

EDGAR ALLAN POE Annabel Lee

EDGAR ALLAN POE The Raven

EZRA POUND A Girl (NEW)

ADRIENNE RICH Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers (NEW)

ADRIENNE RICH Living in Sin (NEW)

ALBERTO RÍOS The Vietnam Wall

LUIS OMAR SALINAS In a Farmhouse

CARL SANDBURG Chicago

SIEGFRIED SASSOON Dreamers

BRENDA SEROTTE My Mother’s Face

ANNE SEXTON Cinderella (NEW)

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 29: When in Disgrace with Fortune and Men’s Eyes

KARL SHAPIRO Auto Wreck

STEVIE SMITH Not Waving but Drowning

GARY SOTO Mexicans Begin Jogging (NEW)

GARY SOTO Oranges

WILLIAM STAFFORD Traveling Through the Dark

WALLACE STEVENS The Emperor of Ice-Cream

MAY SWENSON Question

DYLAN THOMAS A Refusal to Mourn the Death, by Fire, of a Child in London

JOHN UPDIKE Perfection Wasted

ALICE WALKER Revolutionary Petunias

PHILLIS WHEATLEY On Being Brought from Africa to America

WALT WHITMAN Beat! Beat! Drums!

WALT WHITMAN Full of Life Now

WALT WHITMAN I Hear America Singing

RICHARD WILBUR Love Calls Us to the Things of This World

WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS The Red Wheelbarrow

19A WRITING A RESEARCH ESSAY ON POETRY

Topics to Discover in Research

Illustrative Student Essay Written with the Aid of Research: “Beat! Beat! Drums!” and “I Hear America Singing”: Two Whitman Poems Spanning the Civil War

Commentary on the Essay

Using Sources Effectively: Quoting Texts to Illustrate Your Point

PART IV READING AND WRITING ABOUT DRAMA

20 THE DRAMATIC VISION: AN OVERVIEW

Drama as Literature

Performance: The Unique Aspect of Drama

Drama from Ancient Times to Our Own: Tragedy, Comedy, and Additional Forms

ANONYMOUS The Visit to the Sepulcher (Visitatio Sepulchri)

Visualizing Plays: Imagining Dramatic Scenes and Actions

PLAYS FOR STUDY

SUSAN GLASPELL Trifles

In a small farmhouse kitchen early in the twentieth century, the wives of men investigating a murder discover significant evidence that forces them to make an urgent decision.

DAVID HENRY HWANG Trying to find Chinatown (NEW)

Two young men meet in New York City and engage in a surprising dialogue about racial identity.

JANE MARTIN Beauty

As Carla and Bethany talk together, they go through a transformational experience.

EUGENE O’NEILL Before Breakfast

What happens to people facing disappointment, anger, alienation, and lost hope?

Writing About the Elements of Drama

Referring to Plays and Parts of Plays

Illustrative Student Essay: Eugene O’Neill’s Use of Negative Descriptions and Stage Directions in Before Breakfast as a Means of Revealing Character

Commentary on the Essay

Using Sources Effectively: Paraphrasing to Make Sure Readers Understand the Work

Writing Topics About the Elements of Drama

21 THE TRAGIC VISION: AFFIRMATION THROUGH LOSS

The Origins of Tragedy

The Ancient Athenian Competitions in Tragedy

The Origin of Tragedy in Brief

Aristotle and the Nature of Tragedy

Aristotle’s View of Tragedy in Brief

Irony in Tragedy

The Ancient Athenian Audience and Theater

Ancient Greek Tragic Actors and Their Costumes

Performance and the Formal Organization of Greek Tragedy

PLAYS FOR STUDY

SOPHOCLES Oedipus The King

A woman must choose between her family obligations and loyalty to the state.

Renaissance Drama and Shakespeare’s Theater

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark

An initial act of evil is like an infestation.

Tragedy from Shakespeare to Arthur Miller

Death of a Salesman: Tragedy, Symbolism, and Broken Dreams

ARTHUR MILLER Death of a Salesman

With all his hopes unfulfilled, Willy Loman still clings to his dreams.

Writing About Tragedy

Illustrative Student Essay: The Problem of Hamlet’s Apparent Delay

Commentary on the Essay

Using Sources Effectively: Quoting Texts to Illustrate Your Key Point

Writing Topics About Tragedy

22 THE COMIC VISION: RESTORING THE BALANCE

The Origins of Comedy

Comedy from Roman Times to the Renaissance

The Patterns, Characters, and Language of Comedy

Types of Comedy

PLAYS FOR STUDY

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE A Midsummer Night’s Dream

The problems of lovers are resolved through the magic of the natural world, not through custom and law.

ANTON CHEKHOV The Bear, A Joke in One Act

A bachelor and a widow meet and immediately berate each other, but their lives are about to undergo great change.

PAUL DOOLEY and WINNIE HOLZMAN Post-its (Notes on a Marriage) (NEW)

A married couple enjoy a comic but cryptic mode of communication.

EDWIN SÁNCHEZ Pops (NEW)

A young Hispanic man finds sweet, humorous way to memorialize his lost father.

Comedy Since Shakespeare

Writing About Comedy

Illustrative Student Essay: Setting as Symbol and Comic Structure in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream

Commentary on the Essay

Writing Topics About Comedy

23 VISIONS OF DRAMATIC REALITY AND NONREALITY: VARYING THE IDEA OF DRAMA AS IMITATION

Realism and Nonrealism in Drama

Elements of Realistic and Nonrealistic Drama

PLAYS FOR STUDY

Langston Hughes Biography

Hughes and the African American Theater After 1920

Hughes’s Career as a Dramatist

Mulatto and the Reality of the Southern Black Experience

LANGSTON HUGHES Mulatto

On a Southern plantation in the 1930s, a young man tries to assert his rights, but there are those who will not grant him any rights at all.

EDWARD BOK LEE El Santo Americano (NEW)

A professional wrestler tries to forge a better life for himself and his family.

TENNESSEE WILLIAMS The Glass Menagerie

Tom would like to escape the memory of his home life, in which he finds only confusion and entrapment.

August Wilson Biography

The Background of Fences

AUGUST WILSON Fences

Troy Maxson, who as a young athlete could knock baseballs over fences, has led a life enclosed by other fences.

Writing About Realistic and Nonrealistic Drama

Illustrative Student Essay: Realism and Nonrealism in Tom’s Triple Role in The Glass Menagerie

Commentary on the Essay

Writing Topics About Dramatic Reality and Nonreality

24 HENRIK IBSEN AND THE REALISTIC PROBLEM PLAY: A DOLLHOUSE

Ibsen’s Life and Early Work

Ibsen’s Major Prose Plays

A Dollhouse: Ibsen’s Best-Known Problem Play

Ibsen’s Symbolism in A Dollhouse

A Dollhouse as a “Well-Made Play”

The Timeliness and Dramatic Power of A Dollhouse

Bibliographic Studies

HENRIK IBSEN A Dollhouse (Et Dukkehjem)

In their seemingly perfect household, Nora and Torvald discover the severe differences between them.

Edited Selections from Criticism of Ibsen’s A Dollhouse and Other Plays

1. Freedom, Truth, and Society—Rhetoric and Reality

2. Ibsen’s Feminist Characters

3. A Marxist Approach to A Dollhouse

24A WRITING A RESEARCH ESSAY ON DRAMA

Topics to Discover in Research

Illustrative Student Essay Written with the Aid of Research: “The Ghost in Hamlet”

Commentary on the Essay

Using Sources Effectively: Summarizing Sources Lends Authority to Your Argument

PART V Special Writing Topics About Literature

25 CRITICAL APPROACHES IMPORTANT TO THE STUDY OF LITERATURE

Moral/Intellectual

Topical/Historical

New Critical/Formalist

Structuralist

Feminist Criticism/Gender Studies/Queer Theory

Economic Determinist/Marxist

Psychological/Psychoanalytic

Archetypal/Symbolic/Mythic

Deconstructionist

Reader-Response

26 THREE TYPES OF WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE

1. Comparison-Contrast and Extended Comparison-Contrast

Guidelines for the Comparison-Contrast Method

The Extended Comparison-Contrast Essay

Citing References in a Longer Comparison-Contrast Essay

Writing a Comparison-Contrast Essay

Illustrative Student Essay (Two Works): The Treatment of Responses to War in Amy Lowell’s “Patterns” and Wilfred Owen’s “Anthem for Doomed Youth”

Commentary on the Essay

Illustrative Student Essay (Extended Comparison-Contrast): Literary Treatments of the Conflicts Between Private and Public Life

Commentary on the Essay

2. Reader-Response: How a Reader's Reactions Lead Toward Interpretation

Important Elements of a Reader-Response Essay

Illustrative Student Essay (Reader-Response): Opposite Personal Responses to W. H. Auden’s “Musée des Beaux Arts,”

Commentary on the Essay

Writing Topics for Reader-Response

3. Argument: The Use of Persuasive Reasoning

Defining an Argument Essay

Important Elements of an Argument Essay

Illustrative Student Essay (Argument): Sammy’s Decision to Become an Adult

Commentary on the Essay

Writing Topics for Literary Argument

27 TAKING EXAMINATIONS ON LITERATURE

Answer the Questions That Are Asked

Systematic Preparation

Two Basic Types of Questions About Literature

Appendixes

I. Dramatic Vision on Film: From the Silver Screen to the World of Digital Fantasy

II. MLA Recommendations for Documenting Sources

A Glossary of Important Literary Terms

Credits

Index of Authors. Titles, and First Lines