Table of Contents
Acknowledgments xiii
Abbreviations xv
List of Illustrations xvii
Introduction 1
A A New Approach 1
B Terminology 1
C Historiography 4
1 Publication of Sources 4
2 Islamic Veterinary Medicine in the General Historiography of the Profession 9
3 Studies Focused on Medieval Arabic Veterinary Medicine and Other Related Subjects 12
Chapter 1 Animals in Mamluk Society 19
A Farm and Pack Animals 19
B Furustyah-The Art of Horsemanship 24
1 War and Jihad 26
2 Competitions and Games 28
C Hunting 30
1 Perceptions of the Hunt 31
2 Hunting Methods 36
3 Purity of the Hunt 37
4 Equipment and Tools 39
5 The Hunting Party 39
6 Hunting Grounds and Their Perils 41
7 Animals that Participated in the Hunt 43
D Processions and Celebrations 50
E The Hajj Caravan 55
F Animals in the Postal Service 59
1 Post Horses 59
2 Postal Pigeons 63
G Trade in Animals and Gifts 67
H Menageries 72
I Companion Animals, Songbirds and Stray Cats 75
1 Dogs as Companion Animals 75
2 Songbirds 76
3 Stray Cats 77
Chapter 2 The Pre-Mamluk Veterinary Traditions 79
A Introduction: The Sources of Mamluk Veterinary Knowledge 79
B The Graeco-Roman-Byzantine Heritage 81
C The Indian Heritage 90
D The Persian Heritage 97
E The Armenian Heritage 100
F The Turkish Heritage 101
G The Pre-Mamluk Arab Heritage 102
1 Jahiliyah and Early Islam 102
2 Hippiatry and the Treatment of Falcons and Hawks in the Umayyad and Abbasid Periods 110
H Between Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine-Ibn Al-'Awwam's Treatise 120
Chapter 3 Scholars, Equestrians, and Veterinarians 125
A Scholars 125
1 Introduction 125
2 Abu Muhammad Sharaf al-DIn 'Abd al-Mu'min b. Khalaf al-Dimyati (613-705/1217-1306) 126
3 Abu al-Thana' Shihab al-Din al-Halabi 131
4 Lisan al-Din b. al-Khatib 132
5 Abu al-Hafs 'Umar al-Balqini al-Shafi'l 134
6 Al-Nashiri, Abu 'Abd Allah Hamzah b. 'Abd Allah b. Muhammad 137
B The Equestrians 139
1 Al-Malik al-Ashraf, 'Umar b. Yusuf al-Rasuli al-Ghassani, Writer of al-Mughnl fi al-Baytarah 139
2 Al-Sahib Taj al-Din, Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad b. 'Ali 142
3 Al-Malik al-Mujahid, 'All b. Da'ud b. Yusuf b. 'Umar al-Rasuli (Ruled 721-764/1321-1362) 148
4 Ibn Mankali-A Mamluk in the Sultan's Service 156
C Veterinary Practitioners 162
1 Abu Bakr al-Baytar-A Veterinarian in the Mamluk Court 162
D Furusiyah and Jihad in Veterinary Essays 169
Chapter 4 The Veterinary Profession 173
A Identity, Origin and Social Status 173
1 Identity and Origin of Veterinarians and Animal Caretakers 173
2 Social Status 175
B Professional Training 180
C Areas of Specialization 188
1 Specialization in Horses, Donkeys, Mules and Camels 190
2 Specialization in Hunting Animals 194
D Sites of Activity 202
1 The Sultan's Stables 203
2 Hippodromes 203
3 Housing Hunting Animals and Their Keepers 206
4 Markets 208
5 The Battlefield 210
6 Hunting Grounds 211
7 Other Sites of Activity 213
E Government Supervision of Veterinarians 215
F Professional Ethics 219
Chapter 5 Theoretical Aspects 225
A Elements, Temperaments and Humours in General Medicine 225
1 Elements 226
2 Temperaments 226
3 Humours 227
B The Galenic Theory of Veterinary Medicine 229
C Anatomy 239
1 Anatomy of the Horse 239
2 The Blood Vessels 244
3 Osteology of the Horse: Bones, Ribs and Teeth 248
4 Joints 250
5 Anatomy of the Eye 250
6 Anatomy of Birds of Prey 252
D Physiology 254
1 Physiology of Animals as Described in General Medical Literature and Other Sources 254
2 Physiology in Mamluk Veterinary Treatises 256
3 The Digestive System 257
4 The limitations of Veterinary Physiology 258
E Taxonomy, Breeds and Pedigrees 260
1 The Nobility of the Horse 260
2 The Horse's Body Structure and Physiognomy 263
3 Horses' Colours, Stars, Markings and Whorls 267
4 Donkeys and Mules 272
5 Camels 273
6 Elephants 274
7 Farm Animals 275
8 Dogs 276
9 Cheetahs 279
10 Hunting Birds: Hawks, Falcons and Eagles 280
Chapter 6 Preventive Medicine and Diagnostics 287
A Health Management-Preventive Medicine and Dietetics 287
1 Horses 289
2 Camels 293
3 Hunting Birds 294
4 Dogs 305
5 Cheetahs 307
6 Postal Pigeons 308
B Diagnostics 309
1 Diagnostic Theory 309
2 Bodily Secretions 312
3 Testing the Pulse 317
4 Diagnosis by Behaviour and External Manifestations 318
5 Diagnosis of Internal Diseases 323
6 Diagnosis of Poisoning 328
Chapter 7 Non-invasive Practises in Veterinary Treatment 335
A Medicines and Ointments 335
1 Laxatives and Anti-Diarrhea Medication 338
2 Eye Medications 339
3 Orthopedic Bandages (for Setting Broken Bones) 342
4 Creams and Powders 344
5 Enemas, Suppositories and Water Treatments 348
B Medical Use of Animal and Human Secretions, Blood and Organs 350
1 Secretions 350
2 Blood 353
3 Animals' Body Parts 354
C Treatment of Mental Disorders and Behavioural Problems 358
1 Treating Mental Illnesses 358
2 Treating Behavioural Problems 362
D Problems related to Breeding, Reproduction and Fertility 372
1 Equines 372
2 Dogs 390
3 Raising Young Hunting Birds 393
4 Cheetahs 396
E The Use of Charms and Whispers 396
1 Magic Signs and Numerology 397
2 Organic Substances 398
3 Whispers and Religion Materials 399
Chapter 8 Invasive Methods of Treatment in Veterinary Medicine 407
A Phlebotomy 407
B Cauterization 412
C Emergency Treatments 427
1 External Cuts, Internal Tears, and Open Wounds 427
2 Surgical Treatment of Hooves 430
3 Removal of Foreign Objects from the Head and Throat 432
4 Eradication of Parasites 432
5 Enemas 433
D Orthopedic Surgery 440
E Plastic Surgery 442
1 Excision of Skin Growths (Corns, Warts, Abscesses, and Heel Spurs) 442
2 Haemorrhoids 444
3 Removal of Tissues and Growths from the Head and Face 446
4 Surgical Treatment of Al-khuld in the Area of the Head 447
5 Treatment of the Bird's Beak, Extraction of Canines and Treatment of Teeth, Gums and Tongue in Horses and Camels 448
6 Skin, Feather, and Talon Implants in Hunting Birds 449
F Gynecological Surgery 451
1 Preparatory Procedures for Impregnation 451
2 Removal of a Dead Foetus from the Womb 452
3 Treatment of Uterine Prolapse 454
4 Treatment of 'Ikhtilat' 454
G Castration 455
H Anesthetizing, Stabilizing and Sterilizing 460
Conclusions 465
Sources and Bibliography 475
A Manuscripts 475
B Medieval Sources (Including Translations) 477
C Studies 483
General Index 499
Plates 539
