In 1815 a manuscript containing one of the long-lost treasures of antiquity was discovered—the letters of Marcus Cornelius Fronto, reputed to have been one of the greatest Roman orators. But this find disappointed many nineteenth-century readers, who had hoped for the letters to convey all of the political drama of Cicero’s. That the collection included passionate love letters between Fronto and the future emperor Marcus Aurelius was politely ignored—or concealed. And for almost two hundred years these letters have lain hidden in plain sight.
Marcus Aurelius in Love rescues these letters from obscurity and returns them to the public eye. The story of Marcus and Fronto began in 139 CE, when Fronto was selected to instruct Marcus in rhetoric. Marcus was eighteen then and by all appearances the pupil and teacher fell in love. Spanning the years in which the relationship flowered and died, these are the only love letters to survive from antiquity—homoerotic or otherwise. With a translation that reproduces the effusive, slangy style of the young prince and the rhetorical flourishes of his master, the letters between Marcus and Fronto will rightfully be reconsidered as key documents in the study of the history of sexuality and classics.
In 1815 a manuscript containing one of the long-lost treasures of antiquity was discovered—the letters of Marcus Cornelius Fronto, reputed to have been one of the greatest Roman orators. But this find disappointed many nineteenth-century readers, who had hoped for the letters to convey all of the political drama of Cicero’s. That the collection included passionate love letters between Fronto and the future emperor Marcus Aurelius was politely ignored—or concealed. And for almost two hundred years these letters have lain hidden in plain sight.
Marcus Aurelius in Love rescues these letters from obscurity and returns them to the public eye. The story of Marcus and Fronto began in 139 CE, when Fronto was selected to instruct Marcus in rhetoric. Marcus was eighteen then and by all appearances the pupil and teacher fell in love. Spanning the years in which the relationship flowered and died, these are the only love letters to survive from antiquity—homoerotic or otherwise. With a translation that reproduces the effusive, slangy style of the young prince and the rhetorical flourishes of his master, the letters between Marcus and Fronto will rightfully be reconsidered as key documents in the study of the history of sexuality and classics.
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Overview
In 1815 a manuscript containing one of the long-lost treasures of antiquity was discovered—the letters of Marcus Cornelius Fronto, reputed to have been one of the greatest Roman orators. But this find disappointed many nineteenth-century readers, who had hoped for the letters to convey all of the political drama of Cicero’s. That the collection included passionate love letters between Fronto and the future emperor Marcus Aurelius was politely ignored—or concealed. And for almost two hundred years these letters have lain hidden in plain sight.
Marcus Aurelius in Love rescues these letters from obscurity and returns them to the public eye. The story of Marcus and Fronto began in 139 CE, when Fronto was selected to instruct Marcus in rhetoric. Marcus was eighteen then and by all appearances the pupil and teacher fell in love. Spanning the years in which the relationship flowered and died, these are the only love letters to survive from antiquity—homoerotic or otherwise. With a translation that reproduces the effusive, slangy style of the young prince and the rhetorical flourishes of his master, the letters between Marcus and Fronto will rightfully be reconsidered as key documents in the study of the history of sexuality and classics.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9780226713021 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | University of Chicago Press |
| Publication date: | 09/15/2008 |
| Sold by: | Barnes & Noble |
| Format: | eBook |
| Pages: | 176 |
| File size: | 234 KB |
About the Author
Amy Richlin is professor of classics at the University of California, Los Angeles. She is the author of The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor, translator of Rome and the Mysterious Orient: Three Plays by Plautus, editor of Pornography and Representation in Greece and Rome, and coeditor of Feminist Theory and the Classics.
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Marcus Aurelius in Love
By Marcus Aurelius Marcus Cornelius Fronto
The University of Chicago Press
Copyright © 2006
The University of Chicago
All right reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-226-71300-7
Chapter One LETTERS
* * *
Letter 1
MARCUS TO FRONTO, ? DECEMBER, 139 CE
Hi, my very best teacher,
If you get some sleep after the all-nighters you've been moaning about, please write and tell me; and please, first of all, take care of your health. Then-that bridge you keep threatening to burn-get rid of the matches and put them away somewhere, and don't you let go of your plans to go to court. Or, if you do, everybody else should shut their mouth too.
You say you've hammered together something or other in Greek that pleases you like few things you've written. Aren't you the one who was just setting me straight about "to what end was I writing in Greek"? So now I really have to write something in Greek more than ever. Want to know why? I want to take a risk and see if what I didn't learn will fall in line for me more easily, because what I did learn has deserted me. But if you loved me, you would have sent me this brand-new thing you say you like. Still, I'm reading you here whether you want me to or not, and really that's the one thing I live and survive by.
Gory homework you sent me! I haven't read the passage from Coelius you sent yet, and I won't read it before I've tracked down the ideas for myself. But the Caesar speech holds me down in its crooked claws. I finally understand now how much work it is to turn three or four lines out on my lathe and write a thing day after day.
Good-bye, breath of my life. Should I not burn with love of you when you've written this to me? What should I do? I can't stop. Funny how at this same place and at this same time last year it was my lot in life to burn up with longing for my mother. This year it's you-you set this same longing alight in me. My Lady says hello.
Letter 2
FRONTO TO MARCUS, DECEMBER, 139 CE
O dear Boy, I send you this Epistle, the third upon the same Topick: the first by way of Lysias the Son of Cephalus, the second by way of Plato the Philosopher, and the third by way of this foreign Man, whose Speech is little short of barbarick, but whose Sentiment is not altogether unintelligible, as I believe. I now write touching on nothing written hitherto, lest you should slight this Discourse as discursive. 5 If it shall seem to you that this Epistle is longer than those hitherto sent by way of Lysias and Plato, let the Fact that I lack not for Reasons be a Token to you that my Claims are rational. Do you apply your Wits, to know if there be not Method in my Madness. You seem likely, dear Boy, to want to understand, before the compleat Discourse begins, why, pray, I who am not in love strive so eagerly to gain the same Things that Lovers do. So will I tell you first how that may be. By Zeus, that Fellow who is so very a Suitor was not born with a sharper Pair of Eyes than I who am no Lover, yet I in fact am sensible of your Beauty no less than the rest; I might say, more acutely so than your Suitor. As happens, we see, the same to Men in Fevers as to Men who have stripp'd for Exercise at Wrestling, the same Event follows from Causes not the same. For both feel the Pains of Thirst-the one from his Malady, the other from his naked Exertions; and But me you approach not at your Peril, nor at the Cost of any Harm will you keep Company with me; nay, 'twill do you every Good. Indeed, Beauties are help'd and benefitted more by those who love them not, as green Shoots are help'd by the Waters. For Springs and Rivers love not green Shoots, yet in their going near and their flowing past do they make them to flower and to bloom. Money giv'n by me you may rightly call a Gift-the Money he gives you, a Fee. And the Children of the Prophets say that, even to the Gods, sweeter are Thank-offerings than Prayer-offerings, because the first are giv'n by the Fortunate toward the Preservation and Keeping of their Goods, while the second are giv'n by those who fare poorly, to ward off Evil. So much for the Advantages and Benefits for you and for this Fellow. But if he is therefore worthy to gain your Comfort ... you supported this yourself ... for him you devis'd this Love and made Thes And be not ignorant that you yourself are wrong'd and defil'd by no middling Sort of Defilement already, in that all the World knows it and openly talks of it, that this Man is your Suitor; before doing any thing of that Sort, you bear the Name of doing it. Indeed most of your Countrymen call you his He-Sweetheart. I, on the other Hand, will guard and keep your Name pure and undefil'd. For my part you will be call'd a Beauty, but no He-Sweetheart. But if he use this Word as proper, because his Desire is greater, let him know that his Desire is not greater but more reckless. Flies and Musquitoes we most shoo from us and repel as they do fly at us most shamelessly and recklessly. Likewise wild Beasts do flee from Trackers with Hounds most of all, and Fowls from Sportsmen. Indeed all Creatures most avoid those who most lie up in wait for them and chase after them. But if someone suppose that Beauty is in higher Repute and more highly honour'd because of Suitors, he is entirely mistaken. Indeed you Beauties run the Risk of Just as in Worship and Offerings, so also in Life, it is most fitting for Men commencing any of these I will bring my Discourse to an End, only adding this one Thing more: that of all the Gifts and Works of the Gods, such as have come to the Use and Pleasure and Benefit of Mortals, some of these are divine altogether and everywhere-I mean Earth and Heaven, Sun and Sea-and we are born to sing of these and marvel at them, but not to be in love with them. But certain beautiful Things that are more trifling and find a less honourable Lot in Life, these Things are touch'd by Envy and erotick Love and Rivalry and Longing. And some men love Profit, others in turn love Victuals, others again love Wine. Into these Ranks, into this sort of Class, is Beauty put by Lovers, with Profit and Victuals and Drink. But by us who marvel at it, though we are not in love with it, is Beauty put with Sun and Heaven, Earth and Sea; such things are stronger and higher than any sort of Love. One Thing will I tell you more, that you in turn may say to other Boys and bear a Name for Sagacity. It seems likely that you are not unacquainted with a Story, whether from your Mother or those who have nurtur'd you, that among the Flowers is one that loves the Sun and suffers as Lovers do, rising up when the Sun rises, and turning itself round as the Sun travels the Sky, then drooping as the Sun sinks. But the Flower gains no more Profit from this, nor finds the Sun kinder because of its Love. Indeed it is the least well-regarded of green Shoots and Flowers, pick'd for neither the Feasts of Holiday-makers nor Garlands of the Gods or of Men. You seem likely, Boy, to want to see this Flower; but I will shew it to you myself, Letter 3 MARCUS TO FRONTO, ? 139 CE Hi, my very best teacher, Go ahead, as much as you like, threaten me, accuse me, with whole clumps of arguments, but you will never put off your Suitor-I mean me. Nor will I proclaim it any less that I love Fronto, or will I be less in love, because you've proven, and with such strange and strong and elegant expressions, that those who love less should be helped out and lavished with more. God, no, I am dying so for love of you, and I'm not scared off by this doctrine of yours, and if you're going to be more ripe and ready for others who don't love you, I will still love you as long as I live and breathe. But about the crowd of ideas, about the cleverness of your literary imagination, about the brilliance of your imitation, I don't even want to say that you've outdone those oh so self-satisfied and teasing Atticists-though I can't help but say it. It's because I love you, and I move that at least this really should be granted to lovers, that they take more pleasure in the victories of their He-Sweethearts. We've won, then, we've won, I'm telling you. You don't think, do you, that [two lines missing here] discussion But this I'll personally swear to, no fear: If that Phaedrus guy of yours ever really existed, if he was ever away from Socrates, Socrates didn't burn more with desire for Phaedrus than I've burned during these days-did I say days? I mean months-for the sight of you. Your letter fixed it so a person wouldn't have to be Dion to love you so much-if he isn't immediately seized with love of you. Goodbye, my biggest thing under heaven, my pride and joy. It's enough for me to have had such a teacher. My lady mother says hello. Letter 4 MARCUS TO FRONTO, ? 139 CE To my teacher, When you rest and when you do what's needed for your health, then you make me get better, too. Take it easy and at your own speed. So, I decree: you did the right thing when you took care of your arm. I didn't do so badly myself today in bed, from one o'clock on, because I got almost all the way through ten similes. I pick you as my sidekick and sergeant on the ninth one, because it wasn't so successful at succumbing to me. It's the one where "on the island of Aenaria there is a lake: in that lake there is another island, and it, too, is inhabited. Allons, faisons-nous une comparaison comme ça." Good-bye, my sweetest soul. My Lady says hello. Letter 5 MARCUS TO FRONTO, OCTOBER, ? 139-42 CE Hi, my very best teacher, I know that on each man's birthday his friends offer good wishes for the man whose birthday it is; but because I love you next to my own self, I want to make a wish for myself on this day, your birthday. So all the gods who provide their present and ready strength for people anywhere in the world, who have the power to help us either by dreams or mysteries or medicine or oracles in any way, each and every one of these gods I summon by my wishes, and I take my stand-depending on what kind of wish it is-in the place where the god in charge of each of them might hear me most easily. And so before all I climb the citadel of Pergamum and pray to Aesculapius to steer the health of my teacher straight and watch over it awfully well. From here I go down to Athens, and on bended knee I beseech and beg Minerva that whatever I may ever learn about letters should above all journey from Fronto's mouth to my heart. Now I return to Rome, and I call on the gods of roads and voyages with wishes that every trip I take may be with you beside me, and that I may not be worn out so frequently by such ferocious longing. In the end I ask all the guardian gods of all the nations, and Jupiter himself, who thunders over the Capitol Hill, to grant us that I should celebrate this day, on which you were born for me, along with you, and a happy, strong you. Good-bye, my sweetest and dearest teacher. Please take care of your body so that when I come I'll see you. My Lady says hello. Letter 6 FRONTO TO MARCUS, ? 139-42 CE To my Lord, Everything is fine with us when you are praying for us,1 and of course no one is more worthy than you to get whatever he asks from the gods-unless that, when I pray for you, no one else is more worthy than you to have things gotten for him. Good-bye, my sweetest Lord. Say hello to your Lady. Letter 7 MARCUS TO FRONTO, ? 140-42 CE Hi, my very best teacher, How can I study when you're in pain, especially when you're in pain on account of me? Shouldn't I want to beat myself up and subject myself to all kinds of unpleasant experiences? God, I deserve it. After all, who else gave you that pain in your knee, which you write got worse last night, who else brought it on, if not Centumcellae, if not me? So what am I supposed to do, when I don't see you and I'm tormented by such anguish? On top of this, even if I felt like studying, the court cases keep me from it, which, as people say who ought to know, eat up whole days. Still I've sent you today's slogan and the day before yesterday's theme. Yesterday we wore away the whole day on the road. Today it's hard to get anything done besides the evening slogan. You're saying, "Sleep'st thou so long a night?" I certainly can sleep, because I'm a big sleeper; but it's so cold in my bedroom that I can hardly put my hands outside the covers. But in fact this is what's driven my mind most away from studying-that because I love letters too much I was a pain to you at the Port, as this thing proves. So good riddance to all the Catos and Ciceros and Sallusts just as long as you're good and I see you strong again, even without our books. Good-bye, my number one delight, my sweetest teacher. My Lady says hello. Send me three slogans and some themes. Letter 8 MARCUS TO FRONTO, 140-42 CE Aurelius Caesar to his Fronto, hello, I know you've often said to me that you want to know what you could do to please me most. The time is now here; now you can add to my love for you, if it can be added to. The trial is coming up, and it seems that people are not going to be listening to your speech only with goodwill; they'll be watching your display of indignation with hostility. And I don't see anybody who would dare to warn you about this, because people who are less friendly to you actually like to see you acting more erratically; people who are more friendly are afraid they might seem to be better friends with your opponent if they distract you from your independent prosecution of him. And then if you've been mulling over some fancy turn of phrase for the case, they can't bear you to be deprived of your style through a deliberate silence. So, though you might think I have a lot of nerve to advise you or that I'm a brash little boy or too nice to your adversary, that won't make me drag my heels more in advising you to do what's right in my judgment. But why am I saying "advise"? I claim it from you and claim it earnestly and promise in return that, if I get what I ask for, I'll be obligated to you. But you'll say, "What? If I'm attacked, won't I pay him back in similar language?" But you'll gain more praise for yourself out of this if you don't make any response even if you are attacked. Of course if he does it first, people will be able to forgive you for responding however you want; but I've claimed it from him, too, not to start up, and I believe I've gotten what I ask. I really cherish both of you, each for his own merits, and I'm conscious that he was trained in the home of my grandfather Publius Calvisius, but that I've been trained by you. As a result I have the greatest concern in my heart that this extremely hateful business should be transacted in the most extremely honorable way it can be. I wish you'd approve of my strategy, for you'll be approving what I want. I've definitely chosen to not play it smart and write more, rather than be less of a friend and keep my mouth shut. Good-bye, my Fronto, dearest and most loving. (Continues...)
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Table of Contents
AcknowledgmentsIntroduction
Letters
Concordance
Works Cited
Index