Mechanics of Flight / Edition 2

by Warren F. Phillips

Overview

Explains the principles of flight mechanics through worked examples and progressive problem solving

With its unique balance of breadth and depth, coupled with a comprehensive presentation of theory and applications, Mechanics of Flight is rapidly becoming the textbook of choice to enable readers to master the science and mathematics of flight mechanics. By progressively building on the formulation and solution of simpler problems associated with aircraft performance, static stability, and control, the author guides readers from fundamental principles to the development of the general equations of motion and continues through dynamic stability, aircraft handling qualities, and flight simulation.

In response to feedback from students, instructors, practicing engineers, and test pilots, this Second Edition features much new material, including new and updated coverage of:

• Effects of nonlinear aerodynamics on aircraft stability
• Effects of tail dihedral on longitudinal and lateral stability
• Lateral trim, engine failure, and minimum-control airspeed
• Dynamic stability constraints and center-of-gravity limits
• Flight simulation in geographic coordinates

Throughout the text, many new worked examples demonstrate how to apply principles of flight mechanics to solve engineering problems. Moreover, the text offers an array of modern and classical techniques for solving a broad range of problems in flight mechanics. Unique features include presentations of the numerical lifting-line method for efficient and accurate evaluation of stability derivatives and the quaternion formulation for six-degree-of-freedom flight simulation. Moreover, the author provides the detail needed to enable readers to write their own code.

Mechanics of Flight is designed as a textbook for a two-semester sequence of courses for students in mechanical and aerospace engineering. In addition, the text's self-contained chapters allow instructors to select individual topics for one-semester courses. The book is also a valuable reference for engineers working in the aerospace industry.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780470539750
Publisher:	Wiley
Publication date:	12/02/2009
Edition description:	2nd ed.
Pages:	1152
Sales rank:	472,399
Product dimensions:	6.40(w) x 9.40(h) x 2.20(d)

About the Author

WARREN F. PHILLIPS, PHD, is a Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Utah State University. Dr. Phillips has more than thirty-five years of experience teaching engineering analysis and design. He has also authored more than sixty scientific journal publications on thermal fluid science, aerodynamics, and flight mechanics.

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Table of Contents

Preface xi

Acknowledgments xiii

1. Overview of Aerodynamics 1

1.1. Introduction and Notation 1

1.2. Fluid Statics and the Atmosphere 10

1.3. The Boundary Layer Concept 14

1.4. Inviscid Aerodynamics 16

1.5. Review of Elementary Potential Flows 20

1.6. Incompressible Flow over Airfoils 26

1.7. Trailing-Edge Flaps and Section Flap Effectiveness 39

1.8. Incompressible Flow over Finite Wings 46

1.9. Flow over Multiple Lifting Surfaces 94

1.10. Wing Stall and Maximum Lift Coefficient 108

1.11. Wing Aerodynamic Center and Pitching Moment 120

1.12. Inviscid Compressible Aerodynamics 131

1.13. Compressible Subsonic Flow 134

1.14. Supersonic Flow 139

1.15. Problems 146

2. Overview of Propulsion 153

2.1. Introduction 153

2.2. The Propeller 168

2.3. Propeller Blade Theory 173

2.4. Propeller Momentum Theory 202

2.5. Off-Axis Forces and Moments Developed by a Propeller 216

2.6. Turbojet Engines: The Thrust Equation 228

2.7. Turbojet Engines: Cycle Analysis 233

2.8. The Turbojet Engine with Afterburner 241

2.9. Turbofan Engines 245

2.10. Concluding Remarks 253

2.11. Problems 254

3. Aircraft Performance 259

3.1. Introduction 259

3.2. Thrust Required 260

3.3. Power Required 270

3.4. Rate of Climb and Power Available 277

3.5. Fuel Consumption and Endurance 287

3.6. Fuel Consumption and Range 295

3.7. Power Failure and Gliding Flight 306

3.8. Airspeed, Wing Loading, and Stall 317

3.9. The Steady Coordinated Turn 319

3.10. Takeoff and Landing Performance 337

3.11. Accelerating Climb and Balanced Field Length 353

3.12. Problems 365

4. Longitudinal Static Stability and Trim 377

4.1. Fundamentals of Static Equilibrium and Stability 377

4.2. Pitch Stability of a Cambered Wing 381

4.3. Simplified Pitch Stability Analysis for a Wing-Tail Combination 384

4.4. Stick-Fixed Neutral Point and Static Margin 400

4.5. Estimating the Downwash Angle on an Aft Tail 411

4.6. Simplified Pitch Stability Analysis for a Wing-Canard Combination 421

4.7. Effects of Drag and Vertical Offset 436

4.8. Effects of Nonlinearities on the Aerodynamic Center 458

4.9. Effects of the Fuselage, Nacelles, and External Stores 472

4.10. Contribution of Running Propellers 476

4.11. Contribution of Jet Engines 482

4.12. Problems 486

5. Lateral Static Stability and Trim 497

5.1. Introduction 497

5.2. Yaw Stability and Trim 500

5.3. Estimating the Sidewash Gradient on a Vertical Tail 518

5.4. Estimating the Lift Slope for a Vertical Tail 525

5.5. Effects of Tail Dihedral on Yaw Stability 529

5.6. Roll Stability and Dihedral Effect 548

5.7. Roll Control and Trim Requirements 567

5.8. The Generalized Small-Angle Lateral Trim Requirements 574

5.9. Steady-Heading Sideslip 577

5.10. Engine Failure and Minimum-Control Airspeed 582

5.11. Longitudinal-Lateral Coupling 596

5.12. Control Surface Sign Conventions 597

5.13. Problems 597

6. Aircraft Controls and Maneuverability 605

6.1. Longitudinal Control and Maneuverability 605

6.2. Effects of Structural Flexibility 623

6.3. Control Force and Trim Tabs 632

6.4. Stick-Free Neutral and Maneuver Points 644

6.5. Ground Effect, Elevator Sizing, and CG Limits 646

6.6. Stall Recovery 661

6.7. Lateral Control and Maneuverability 666

6.8. Aileron Reversal 679

6.9. Other Control Surface Configurations 682

6.10. Airplane Spin 693

6.11. Problems 706

7. Aircraft Equations of Motion 715

7.1. Introduction 715

7.2. Newton’s Second Law for Rigid-Body Dynamics 725

7.3. Position and Orientation: The Euler Angle Formulation 735

7.4. Rigid-Body 6-DOF Equations of Motion 753

7.5. Linearized Equations of Motion 754

7.6. Force and Moment Derivatives 768

7.7. Nondimensional Linearized Equations of Motion 788

7.8. Transformation of Stability Axes 798

7.9. Inertial and Gyroscopic Coupling 805

7.10. Problems 807

8. Linearized Longitudinal Dynamics 813

8.1. Fundamentals of Dynamics: Eigenproblems 813

8.2. Longitudinal Motion: The Linearized Coupled Equations 836

8.3. Short-Period Approximation 847

8.4. Long-Period Approximation 854

8.5. Pure Pitching Motion 871

8.6. Summary 876

8.7. Problems 878

9. Linearized Lateral Dynamics 885

9.1. Introduction 885

9.2. Lateral Motion: The Linearized Coupled Equations 885

9.3. Roll Approximation 896

9.4. Spiral Approximation 897

9.5. Dutch Roll Approximation 906

9.6. Pure Rolling Motion 919

9.7. Pure Yawing Motion 922

9.8. Longitudinal-Lateral Coupling 924

9.9. Nonlinear Effects 939

9.10. Summary 943

9.11. Problems 945

10. Aircraft Handling Qualities and Control Response 953

10.1. Introduction 953

10.2. Pilot Opinion 953

10.3. Dynamic Handling Quality Prediction 958

10.4. Response to Control Inputs 968

10.5. Nonlinear Effects and Longitudinal-Lateral Coupling 986

10.6. Problems 987

11. Aircraft Flight Simulation 989

11.1. Introduction 989

11.2. Euler Angle Formulations 990

11.3. Direction-Cosine Formulation 992

11.4. Euler Axis Formulation 993

11.5. The Euler-Rodrigues Quaternion Formulation 996

11.6. Quaternion Algebra 1000

11.7. Relations between the Quaternion and Other Attitude Descriptors 1004

11.8. Applying Rotational Constraints to the Quaternion Formulation 1013

11.9. Closed-Form Quaternion Solution for Constant Rotation 1015

11.10. Numerical Integration of the Quaternion Formulation 1021

11.11. Summary of the Flat-Earth Quaternion Formulation 1037

11.12. Aircraft Position in Geographic Coordinates 1044

11.13. Problems 1063

Bibliography 1069

Appendixes 1080

A Standard Atmosphere, SI Units 1080

B Standard Atmosphere, English Units 1081

C Aircraft Moments of Inertia 1082

Nomenclature 1086

Index 1113