Modern HF Signal Detection and Direction Finding
Detailed descriptions of detection, direction-finding, and signal-estimation methods, using consistent formalisms and notation, emphasizing HF antenna array sensing applications.

Adaptive antenna array technology encompasses many powerful interference suppression approaches that exploit spatial differences among signals reaching a radio receiver system. Today, worldwide propagation phenomenology occurring in the High Frequency (HF) radio regime has made such interference common. In this book, Jay Sklar, a longtime researcher at MIT Lincoln Laboratory, presents detailed descriptions of detection, direction-finding, and signal-estimation methods applicable at HF, using consistent formalisms and notation. Modern electronic system technology has made many of these techniques affordable and practical; the goal of the book is to offer practicing engineers a comprehensive and self-contained reference that will encourage more widespread application of these approaches.

The book is based on the author's thirty years of managing MIT Lincoln Laboratory work on the application of adaptive antenna array technologies to the sensing of HF communication signals. After an overview of HF propagation phenomenology, communication signal formats, and HF receiver architectural approaches, Sklar describes the HF propagation environment in more detail; introduces important modulation approaches and signaling protocols used at HF; discusses HF receiver system architectural features; and addresses signal processor architecture and its implementation. He then presents the technical foundation for the book: the vector model for a signal received at an adaptive array antenna. He follows this with discussions of actual signal processing techniques for detection and direction finding, including specific direction-finding algorithms; geolocation techniques; and signal estimation.

1133113678
Modern HF Signal Detection and Direction Finding
Detailed descriptions of detection, direction-finding, and signal-estimation methods, using consistent formalisms and notation, emphasizing HF antenna array sensing applications.

Adaptive antenna array technology encompasses many powerful interference suppression approaches that exploit spatial differences among signals reaching a radio receiver system. Today, worldwide propagation phenomenology occurring in the High Frequency (HF) radio regime has made such interference common. In this book, Jay Sklar, a longtime researcher at MIT Lincoln Laboratory, presents detailed descriptions of detection, direction-finding, and signal-estimation methods applicable at HF, using consistent formalisms and notation. Modern electronic system technology has made many of these techniques affordable and practical; the goal of the book is to offer practicing engineers a comprehensive and self-contained reference that will encourage more widespread application of these approaches.

The book is based on the author's thirty years of managing MIT Lincoln Laboratory work on the application of adaptive antenna array technologies to the sensing of HF communication signals. After an overview of HF propagation phenomenology, communication signal formats, and HF receiver architectural approaches, Sklar describes the HF propagation environment in more detail; introduces important modulation approaches and signaling protocols used at HF; discusses HF receiver system architectural features; and addresses signal processor architecture and its implementation. He then presents the technical foundation for the book: the vector model for a signal received at an adaptive array antenna. He follows this with discussions of actual signal processing techniques for detection and direction finding, including specific direction-finding algorithms; geolocation techniques; and signal estimation.

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Modern HF Signal Detection and Direction Finding

Modern HF Signal Detection and Direction Finding

by Jay R. Sklar
Modern HF Signal Detection and Direction Finding

Modern HF Signal Detection and Direction Finding

by Jay R. Sklar

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Overview

Detailed descriptions of detection, direction-finding, and signal-estimation methods, using consistent formalisms and notation, emphasizing HF antenna array sensing applications.

Adaptive antenna array technology encompasses many powerful interference suppression approaches that exploit spatial differences among signals reaching a radio receiver system. Today, worldwide propagation phenomenology occurring in the High Frequency (HF) radio regime has made such interference common. In this book, Jay Sklar, a longtime researcher at MIT Lincoln Laboratory, presents detailed descriptions of detection, direction-finding, and signal-estimation methods applicable at HF, using consistent formalisms and notation. Modern electronic system technology has made many of these techniques affordable and practical; the goal of the book is to offer practicing engineers a comprehensive and self-contained reference that will encourage more widespread application of these approaches.

The book is based on the author's thirty years of managing MIT Lincoln Laboratory work on the application of adaptive antenna array technologies to the sensing of HF communication signals. After an overview of HF propagation phenomenology, communication signal formats, and HF receiver architectural approaches, Sklar describes the HF propagation environment in more detail; introduces important modulation approaches and signaling protocols used at HF; discusses HF receiver system architectural features; and addresses signal processor architecture and its implementation. He then presents the technical foundation for the book: the vector model for a signal received at an adaptive array antenna. He follows this with discussions of actual signal processing techniques for detection and direction finding, including specific direction-finding algorithms; geolocation techniques; and signal estimation.


Product Details

ISBN-13: 9780262347686
Publisher: MIT Press
Publication date: 09/25/2018
Series: MIT Lincoln Laboratory Series
Sold by: Penguin Random House Publisher Services
Format: eBook
Pages: 368
File size: 24 MB
Note: This product may take a few minutes to download.
Age Range: 18 Years

About the Author

Jay R. Sklar is Senior Staff Member at MIT Lincoln Laboratory.

Table of Contents

List of Figures ix

List of Tables xv

Preface xvii

About the Author xix

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Overview 1

1.2 High-Frequency Propagation 4

1.3 HF Band Utilization 6

1.4 Motivations for Adaptive Antenna Array Application at HF 6

1.5 Overall Plan of the Book 7

2 HF Propagation Physics and Its Effect on Signals 11

2.1 Ionospheric Medium 11

2.2 Wave Propagation in the Ionosphere 18

2.3 HF Noise Environment 46

2.4 Diurnal Variations 48

3 Common HF Modulation Protocols 51

3.1 Introduction 51

3.2 Analog Signal Modulation Alternatives 54

3.3 Digital Modulation Approaches 61

3.4 Binary Phase-Shift Keying 66

3.5 HF Modem Design 75

3.6 Government Standards 77

3.7 Summary 84

3.8 Appendix: Morse Code 84

4 HF Receiver Architectural Approaches 89

4.1 Overview 89

4.2 Architecture Options 90

4.3 Image Control 100

4.4 Analog-to-Digital Converters: Issues and Performance 104

5 HF Array-Processing Architecture 117

5.1 Detection 117

5.2 Direction Finding 120

5.3 Copy 122

5.4 Reconstruction 124

5.5 Signal Sorting 125

5.6 Geolocation 127

6 Vector Models for Adaptive Array Signals 131

6.1 Overview 131

6.2 Array Signal Model 132

6.3 Ideal Propagation Model 134

6.4 A Simple Example 137

6.5 Beam Formation 141

6.6 Weight Vector Computation 142

6.7 Polarization-Sensitive Arrays 144

7 Signal Detection Processing 151

7.1 Overview 151

7.2 HF Environmental Detection Issues 153

7.3 Likelihood Ratio Detection 155

7.4 Perturbation Discovery 159

7.5 Temporally Oriented Detection 176

7.6 Spectrally Oriented Detection 178

7.7 High-Order Statistics 180

8 Array Evaluation: Direction Finding Performance Bounds 185

8.1 Overview 185

8.2 Value of Bounds 186

8.3 Cramer-Rao Bound 192

8.4 Minimum Mean Square Error Bound 198

8.5 Weiss-Weinstein Bound 199

8.6 HF Array Geometry 201

8.7 Some Common HF Antenna Examples 211

9 Direction Finding Techniques for HF Applications 217

9.1 Overview 217

9.2 Interferometry: Phase Fitting 217

9.3 Maximum Likelihood Approach to LOB Estimation 220

9.4 The Vector Space Approach-The Music Algorithm 225

9.5 Direction Finding with Polarization-Sensitive Arrays 231

9.6 Feature-Based Methods 238

9.7 Eigenvector Rotation 244

10 Geolocation Techniques 249

10.1 Overview 249

10.2 Multisensor Angle-Only Geolocation 250

10.3 Single-Site Geolocation 256

10.4 Mode Differential Geolocation 259

10.5 Multisite Differential Time-of-Arrival Geolocation 265

11 Copy: Steering Vector Methods 269

11.1 Overview 269

11.2 MSE Beamformer 270

11.3 Steering Vector-Based Copy 271

11.4 MUSIC-Based Copy 273

11.5 Polarization-Based Methods 277

11.6 Copy Weight Tracking 279

11.7 Wideband Processing 282

12 Copy: Feature Exploitation Methods 289

12.1 Overview 289

12.2 Carrier-Based Nulling 290

12.3 Rate Line-Based Approaches 297

12.4 Constant Modulus Processing 306

12.5 Spectral Difference Processing 309

12.6 On-Off Keyed Signals 319

12.7 Radar Signals 324

12.8 Voice-Modulated Signals 330

Index 341

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