New-Dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes

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Overview

This book presents a controversial theory about the formation of new colonial dialects, examining Latin American Spanish, Canadian French, and North American English, with a special focus on Australian, South African, and New Zealand English.

Edinburgh University Press

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More About This Book

Overview

This book presents a controversial theory about the formation of new colonial dialects, examining Latin American Spanish, Canadian French, and North American English, with a special focus on Australian, South African, and New Zealand English.

Edinburgh University Press

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Product Details

  • ISBN-13: 9780748618774
  • Publisher: Edinburgh University Press
  • Publication date: 7/4/2006
  • Pages: 208
  • Product dimensions: 5.40 (w) x 8.44 (h) x 0.44 (d)

Meet the Author

Peter Trudgill is professor of English Linguistics at Agder University College, Norway.

Edinburgh University Press

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Table of Contents

Preface
The database
Maps and vowel charts
1 Colonial dialects as mixed dialects 1
Colonial Englishes 3
Dialect contact and colonial dialects 7
Monogenetic theories 7
Dialect mixture - the consensus 11
Social dialect mixture 14
Regional dialect mixture 16
Mixture and similarity 20
The Southern Hemisphere Englishes 23
Determinism in linguistic change 26
2 Colonial lag and Southern Hemisphere evidence for nineteenth-century British English 31
The short vowels of nineteenth-century English 37
The vowels of Kit, Dress and Trap 37
England 37
Scotland 38
Southern Hemisphere evidence 42
British evidence 44
Trap 44
Dress 45
Kit 47
Conclusion 48
The vowel of Lot 48
The long vowels of nineteenth-century English 49
Closing diphthongs 49
Southern Hemisphere evidence 50
British evidence 51
Mouth 52
Price 52
Goat and Face 52
Face 55
Goat 55
Goose 55
Fleece 59
Conclusion 59
The long monophthongs 59
Start 59
The Trap-Bath split 59
The Bath set 61
Southern Hemisphere evidence 62
British evidence 62
Start Backing 63
Southern Hemisphere evidence 63
British evidence 64
The Thought-North-Force vowel 64
Southern Hemisphere evidence 66
British evidence 67
The consonants of nineteenth-century English 67
The phonology and phonetics of /r/ 67
Rhoticity 67
Southern Hemisphere evidence 68
British evidence 69
The phonetics of /r/ 69
Southern Hemisphere evidence 71
H Dropping 72
Southern Hemisphere evidence 73
British evidence 74
The /hw/-/w/ Merger 77
Southern Hemisphere evidence 77
British evidence 77
/l/ 79
Southern Hemisphere evidence 79
British evidence 80
T Glottalling 80
Southern Hemisphere evidence 80
British evidence 81
Preglottalisation 81
Southern Hemisphere evidence 82
British evidence 82
3 New-dialect formation: Stage I - rudimentary levelling and interdialect development 83
New-dialect formation 84
1 Mixing 84
2 Levelling 84
3 Unmarking 85
4 Interdialect development 86
5 Reallocation 87
6 Focussing 88
Stage I 89
Rudimentary levelling 89
Interdialect development 94
4 Stage II - variability and apparent levelling in new-dialect formation 100
Extreme variability 101
Original combinations 103
Intra-individual variability 105
Inter-individual variability 106
Apparent levelling 109
The Threshold Rider 110
5 Stage III - determinism in new-dialect formation 113
The survival of majority forms 113
Non-southeastern features 116
H Retention 116
Absence of Glide Cluster Reduction 117
Absence of Start Backing 117
The Weak Vowel Merger 117
Word phonology 120
Southeastern features 121
The short front vowels 121
Diphthong Shift 121
The rounded Lot vowel 122
/a:/ in Dance 122
Conclusion 123
Reallocation 124
Randomness and transmission in new-dialect formation 125
Conclusion 127
6 Drift: parallel developments in the Southern Hemisphere Englishes 129
The theory of drift 131
Nineteenth-century changes already in progress 133
Fronted and lowered Strut 133
Nineteenth-century innovations 136
Happy Tensing 137
Glide Weakening 138
The Nurse vowel 142
Later innovations 145
The Second Force Merger 145
The Near-Square Merger 145
The short front vowels again 146
7 Determinism and social factors 148
Patterns of interaction 148
Prestige 151
Stigma 153
Identity and ideology 156
The new-dialect formation scenario 158
Uniformity 160
Complications 162
The Founder Effect 163
Conclusion 164
References 166
Index 177
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