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This volume comprises over fifty contributions resulting from the Ocean Reverberation Symposium, held 25—29 May 1992 in La Spezia, Italy. The contributions are presented in eight sections: Scattering Mechanisms, High Frequency Measurements and Mechanisms, Reverberation Modelling, ARSRP Mid-Atlantic Ridge Experiment, Low Frequency Measurements, Volume Scattering, Signal Processing Issues, and Applications respectively.
This book addresses the emerging trends in ocean reverberation research. The availability of high-power, low-frequency sources and highly directional arrays has brought with it the tools, and the need, to study long-range reverberation. The use of projector sources and various waveforms rather than explosives allows the use of signal processing techniques to enhance the extraction of information about the reverberation and scattering processes.
| Preface | ||
| Sect. 1 | Scattering Mechanisms | 1 |
| Sea surface reverberation | 3 | |
| Properties of bubble distributions relevant to surface reverberation | 11 | |
| Sound scattering from microbubble distributions near the sea surface | 25 | |
| Theoretical modeling of low frequency acoustic scattering from subsurface bubble structures | 45 | |
| Discrete backscatter can be dominant in rough bottom reverberation | 51 | |
| Sea-bottom reverberation: the role of volume inhomogeneities of the sediment | 59 | |
| The perturbation characterization of ocean reverberations | 65 | |
| The reduction of surface backscatter and ambient noise by monomolecular films on the ocean surface | 71 | |
| Sect. 2 | High Frequency Measurements and Mechanisms | 77 |
| High frequency acoustic bottom backscatter mechanisms at shallow grazing angles | 79 | |
| Measurements of high frequency reverberation in shallow water | 85 | |
| Frequency response measurements on backscattering from a shallow sea floor, using a parametric source | 91 | |
| Measurements of acoustic backscattering of the near-surface layer | 97 | |
| Sect. 3 | Reverberation Modelling | 103 |
| Numerical modeling of three-dimensional reverberation from bottom facets (Invited paper) | 105 | |
| Numerical simulations of lower-frequency acoustic propagation and backscatter from solitary internal waves in a shallow water environment | 113 | |
| Reverberation modeling with the two-way parabolic equation | 119 | |
| Calculations of ocean bottom and sub-bottom backscattering using a time-domain finite-difference code | 125 | |
| Time and angle spreading from rough sediments | 131 | |
| Rough surface scattering as seen through the Renormalization Group | 139 | |
| Long range 3-D reverberation and scattering modeling methodology | 145 | |
| Range-dependent, normal-mode reverberation model for bistatic geometries | 155 | |
| Measurement, characterization, and modeling of ice and bottom backscattering and reverberation in the Arctic Ocean | 161 | |
| A reverberant-undersea model for bottom-limited environments | 167 | |
| Shallow water reverberation modeling | 175 | |
| Sect. 4 | ARSRP Mid-Atlantic Ridge Experiment | 181 |
| An overview of the 1991 Reconnaissance Cruise of the Acoustic Reverberation Special Research Program | 183 | |
| Long-range measurements of seafloor reverberation in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge area | 189 | |
| Ocean-basin scale inversion of reverberation data | 195 | |
| ARSRP reconn results and BISSM modeling of direct path backscatter | 203 | |
| Directional processing of the simulated direct path, broadband reverberation data and its interpretation | 209 | |
| Numerical scattering results for a rough, unsedimented seafloor | 215 | |
| The effects of seafloor roughness on reverberation: finite difference and Kirchhoff simulations | 221 | |
| A numerical scattering chamber for studying reverberation in the seafloor | 227 | |
| Sect. 5 | Low Frequency Measurements | 233 |
| Low-frequency direct-path surface and volume scattering measured using narrowband and broadband pulses | 235 | |
| Low-frequency surface and bottom scattering strengths measured using SUS charges | 241 | |
| Upslope propagation data versus two-way PE | 247 | |
| Sect. 6 | Volume Scattering | 253 |
| Low-frequency volume reverberation measurements | 255 | |
| Low-frequency volume scatter and distant reverberation: 200-1500 Hz | 263 | |
| GINRUNS - A 1991 volume scattering and convergence zone experiment in the Norwegian Sea | 271 | |
| Volume reverberation at mid frequencies in the Norwegian Sea | 279 | |
| Volume reverberation in the marginal ice zone of Fram Strait | 285 | |
| Sect. 7 | Signal Processing Issues | 291 |
| Analytical description and experimental results for reverberation-resistant acoustic tracking signals | 293 | |
| Broadband adaptive beamformer for linear-frequency-modulation active signals | 299 | |
| Broadband pulse distortion: waveform design issues for active systems | 305 | |
| Active matched field processing for clutter rejection | 313 | |
| Reverberation suppression and modeling | 319 | |
| Sub-bottom scattering at low frequencies | 331 | |
| Broadband detection and classification of underwater sources | 343 | |
| Sect. 8 | Applications | 349 |
| A geometrical approach to medium low frequency reverberation modeling (Invited paper) | 351 | |
| The reverberation array heading surface | 361 | |
| Bistatic ocean reverberation effects | 367 | |
| Modeling of wide area ocean reverberation and noise | 373 | |
| Rapid environmental acoustic survey and modeling system | 379 | |
| List of Participants | 385 | |
| Author Index | 391 | |
| Subject Index | 397 |
Overview
This volume comprises over fifty contributions resulting from the Ocean Reverberation Symposium, held 25—29 May 1992 in La Spezia, Italy. The contributions are presented in eight sections: Scattering Mechanisms, High Frequency Measurements and Mechanisms, Reverberation Modelling, ARSRP Mid-Atlantic Ridge Experiment, Low Frequency Measurements, Volume Scattering, Signal Processing Issues, and Applications respectively.
This book addresses the emerging trends in ocean ...