Table of Contents
Preface ix
1 Three Types of Relativity 1
1.1 Galilean Relativity 1
1.2 Special Relativity 2
1.3 General Relativity 4
2 Forces 7
2.1 Newton's Three Laws of Motion 7
2.2 Types of Forces 10
2.3 Fundamental Forces 14
2.4 Free-Body Diagrams and Solving Force Problems 14
Chapter Review Exercises 19
3 Linear Motion 21
3.1 Acceleration and Velocity Vectors 21
3.2 Distance and Displacement 24
3.3 Kinematics Graphs 25
3.4 Equations of Motion for Constant Acceleration 27
Chapter Review Exercises 29
4 2-D Motion 31
4.1 Relative Velocity 31
4.2 Centripetal Forces and Circular Motion 33
4.3 Projectile Motion 37
4.4 Orbital Motion 40
Chapter Review Exercises 42
5 Angular Dynamics and Kinematics 45
5.1 Rotational Kinematics 46
5.2 Rotational Dynamics 48
5.3 Center of Mass 53
5.4 Static Problems 55
Chapter Review Exercises 57
6 Conservation Laws 59
6.1 Why Are There Conservation Laws? 59
6.2 Conservation of Linear Momentum 61
6.3 Conservation of Angular Momentum 62
6.4 Conservation of Energy 63
6.5 More on Energy 68
Chapter Review Exercises 72
7 Electricity 75
7.1 Charge 75
7.2 Conductors and Insulators 77
7.3 Charge Transfer 78
7.4 Coulomb's Law 81
7.5 Voltage 82
Chapter Review Exercises 84
8 Simple Circuits 85
8.1 Simple Circuits 85
8.2 Resistance, Current, and Ohm's Law 86
8.3 Series and Parallel Circuits 90
8.4 Kirchhoff's Laws for Circuits 91
8.5 Circuit Diagrams 92
8.6 Capacitors 98
Chapter Review Exercises 100
9 Fields 103
9.1 Forces and Fields 103
9.2 Gravitational Fields 105
9.3 Electric Fields 106
9.4 Energy and Fields 109
9.5 Magnetic Fields 110
9.6 Magnetic Forces 115
9.7 The Hall Effect 119
Chapter Review Exercises 121
10 Electromagnetism 125
10.1 Faraday and Lenz 125
10.2 Common Electromagnetic Devices 128
10.3 Maxwell and Electromagnetic Radiation 131
10.4 Electromagnetic Spectrum 132
10.5 Special Relativity and Electromagnetism 132
Chapter Review Exercises 133
11 Waves 135
11.1 Simple Harmonic Motion 135
11.2 Wave Basics 139
11.3 Traveling Waves 140
11.4 Interference 141
11.5 Standing Waves 142
11.6 Sound as a Wave 143
11.7 Light as a Wave 145
11.8 Traveling Sources and Receivers: The Doppler Shift 146
11.9 Wave Behavior 147
11.10 Encoding Information in Electromagnetic Waves 151
Chapter Review Exercises 152
12 Optics 155
12.1 What Is Optics? 155
12.2 Law of Reflection 156
12.3 Law of Refraction 157
12.4 Ray Tracing and Image Formation 159
12.5 Two-Slit Interference and Diffraction Gratings 163
12.6 Single-Slit Interference 166
12.7 Thin-Film Interference 167
12.8 Scattering 168
Chapter Review Exercises 171
13 Thermodynamics 175
13.1 Temperature and Heat 175
13.2 Gas Laws 180
13.3 Laws of Thermodynamics 183
13.4 Engines 187
Chapter Review Exercises 189
14 Fluids 191
14.1 What Is a Fluid? 191
14.2 Fluid Friction 193
14.3 Pascal and Hydraulics 194
14.4 Archimedes and Buoyancy 195
14.5 Bernoulli and Fluid Flow 196
Chapter Review Exercises 199
15 Quantum Physics 201
15.1 The Standard Model 201
15.2 Early Quantum Mechanics 204
15.3 Complete Quantum Theories of the Atom 207
15.4 Nuclear Physics 209
15.5 Classical vs. Modern Physics 213
Chapter Review Exercises 214
16 Astrophysics 215
16.1 The Composition of Stars 215
16.2 Fission and Fusion 217
16.3 Stellar Evolution 218
16.4 The Big Bang 220
16.5 Dark Energy 222
16.6 Dark Matter 222
16.7 The Cosmic Distance Ladder 223
Appendix A Vectors 227
Concepts 227
Math 229
Physics 237
Appendix A Review Exercises 239
Appendix B Units 241
SI Units 241
Dimensional Analysis 243
Universal Units? 244
Appendix C Formulas 247
General Physics Problem-Solving Procedure 247
Commonly Used Physics Equations 249
Constants 253
Appendix D Answers to Chapter Review Exercises 255
Index 307
