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Table of Contents
1 Introduction: Thermodynamics, Bioenergetics, Metabolism 1
References 3
Part I Thermodynamics
2 Within and Without: Systems and Surroundings 7
2.1 Isolated Systems 8
2.2 Closed Systems 8
2.3 Open Systems 9
2.4 Life is an Open System 11
3 Conservation 13
4 Matter and Energy 17
4.1 Matter 17
4.2 Energy 19
4.3 Internal Energy 21
4.4 Internal Energy (U) Exchanges 23
References 25
Bibliography 25
5 Energy Accountability: Enthalpy (H) 27
5.1 The Chemical Reaction System 27
5.2 Chemical (Standard) Enthalpy Exchanges 28
5.3 Chemical (Nonstandard) Enthalpy Exchange 31
Bibliography 33
6 Energy Has Bias: Entropy (S) 35
6.1 Second Laws of Thermodynamics 35
6.2 Energy Distribution 37
References 42
Bibliography 42
7 The Energy Exchange Gradient: Gibbs Energy (G) 43
7.1 [delta]G[degree] 43
7.2 Energy Unification 45
7.3 [delta]G[degree]': Closed Systems Under Standard Conditions 47
7.4 [delta]G: Nonstandard Conditions 49
References 52
Bibliography 52
Part II Bioenergetics
8 Life's Currency: ATP 55
8.1 ATP: Structure and Content 55
8.2 ATP: Energy Exchange 56
8.3 ATP: Turnover Efficiency 57
8.4 ATP Utilization (Energy Demand) 58
8.5 ATP Resynthesis (Energy Supply) 60
References 61
9 Metabolism as an Energy-Exchange Device 63
9.1 Metabolic Power: Force and Flow 64
9.2 Negative Entropy (?) 66
9.3 Dynamics of a Metabolic Pathway 67
9.4 Intracellular Transport 68
9.5 Time 71
9.6 Exergy Synopsis 72
References 72
10 Anaerobic Metabolism 75
10.1 A Brief History of Anaerobic Biochemistry 75
10.2 The Glycolytic Gradient 76
10.3 Glycolytic Enthalpy and Entropy80
10.4 "High-Energy" Phosphate Buffering 81
10.5 Anaerobic "Speed" 82
References 84
11 Aerobic Metabolism 87
11.1 Mitochondria 87
11.2 Krebs Cycle: Gradient 1 88
11.3 Electron Transport Chain: Gradient 2 91
11.4 Proton-Motive Force: Gradient 3 92
11.5 The Creatine Phosphate Shuttle 94
11.6 ATP Tally 95
References 96
Part III Metabolism
12 Aerobic Energy Expenditure 99
12.1 Combustion, Respiration, and Heat 99
12.2 Thornton's Law: Combustion 100
12.3 Respiration and Energy Expenditure 103
12.4 Heat and Gas Exchange 105
12.5 Aerobic Energy Expenditure as Heat and Entropy 106
12.6 CO[subscript 2] and O[subscript 2]: RER = Aerobic and Anaerobic Energy Exchange 108
References 110
13 Anaerobic Energy Expenditure 111
13.1 The Oxygen Deficit 111
13.2 Lactate 115
References 121
14 Metabolic Energy Expenditure at Rest 123
14.1 Measuring Energy Expenditure: Calorimetry 123
14.2 The Energy Expenditure of Rest 127
14.3 Eating and Energy Expenditure 130
14.4 Pregnancy and Energy Expenditure 131
References 133
15 Metabolic Energy Expenditure of Activity (Work and Exercise) 137
15.1 Rate vs. Capacity vs. METs 137
15.2 Muscle 141
15.3 Work and Energy Expenditure Relationships 143
15.4 Glycolytic vs. Respiratory Efficiency 145
References 147
16 Total Energy Expenditure of Exercise and Recovery 149
16.1 Aerobic Exercise Energy Expenditure 149
16.2 Anaerobic Exercise Energy Expenditure 151
16.3 Aerobic Recovery Energy Expenditure 153
16.4 Dismissing the Oxygen Debt Hypothesis 155
16.5 Total Energy Expenditure 157
16.6 Weight Loss: Low vs. High Intensity Activity 158
References 160
Index 163