Principles Of Radar And Sonar Signal Processing

by Francios Le Chevalier

Overview

This work covers the latest technologies in conventional and adaptive signal processing theory, and covers techniques for detailed analysis of physical signatures of targets and clutter. Examples of signatres offer greater insight into classification problems. A discussion on low frequency systems, wideband radars, and STAP (space-time adaptive processing) provides practitioners with a better awareness of physical limits and future developments.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781580533386
Publisher:	Artech House, Incorporated
Publication date:	03/31/2002
Series:	Artech House Radar Library Series
Pages:	420
Product dimensions:	6.14(w) x 9.21(h) x 0.86(d)

Table of Contents

	Preface	xiii
	References	xv
	Acknowledgments	xvii
1	Radar and Sonar	1
1.1	Summary	1
1.2	Introduction	2
1.3	The Active Radar or Sonar Signal	4
1.4	Physical Interpretation	8
1.5	Passive Listening	10
2	Optimum Reception in White Noise	13
2.1	Summary	13
2.2	Principle	17
2.2.1	Estimation of a Parameter	18
2.2.2	Simultaneous Estimation of Several Parameters	19
2.2.3	Optimum Detection	20
2.3	Optimum Receiver	22
2.3.1	Optimum Estimator	22
2.3.2	Optimum Detector	25
2.3.3	Estimation Performance: The Ambiguity Function	28
2.3.4	Detection Performance	31
2.3.5	Conclusion	34
	References	36
Appendix 2A	Cramer-Rao Equality	36
3	Application to Radar	39
3.1	Summary	39
3.2	Doppler-Range Ambiguity	45
3.2.1	Definitions: Time, Duration, Frequency, and Bandwidth Modulation	46
3.2.2	Measurement of the Time Delay or of the Frequency of Signal	48
3.2.3	Simultaneous Measurement of the Time Delay and the Doppler Shift	50
3.2.4	Doppler-Range Ambiguity Function	53
3.3	Examples of Doppler-Range Ambiguity Functions	54
3.3.1	Gaussian Pulse	55
3.3.2	Pulse with Linear Frequency Modulation (Chirp)	56
3.3.3	Pulse Compression	59
3.3.4	Encoded Pulse Sequence	60
3.3.5	Pulse Train	62
3.3.6	Reception of a Pulse Train	66
3.3.7	Range and Velocity Ambiguities	69
3.3.8	Constant False Alarm Rate Detection	70
3.4	Radar Mapping: Synthetic Aperture Radar	72
3.5	Angular Location	77
3.5.1	Angle-Range-Doppler Optimum Receiver	78
3.5.2	Angular Tracking Sum Channel, Difference Channel	82
3.5.3	Radar Angle-Error Detection	87
3.5.4	Comments	89
3.6	Implementation	90
3.6.1	General Approach	90
3.6.2	Functional Design	92
3.6.3	Architecture Design	92
3.6.4	Hardware and Software Development	93
3.7	Systematic Signal Processing	94
	References	95
Appendix 3A	Relation Between the Duration and Bandwidth of a Signal	96
Appendix 3B	Radar Range Equation	97
3B.1	Thermal Noise	97
3B.2	Signal-to-Noise Ratio	98
3B.3	Performance	100
Appendix 3C	Spectral Purity	101
3C.1	Phase and Amplitude Noise	102
3C.2	Reception	102
3C.3	Example: Pulse Radar with High Repetition Frequency	105
3C.4	Application	106
	References	106
4	Optimum Reception in Colored Noise	107
4.1	Summary	107
4.2	Introduction	109
4.2.1	Background	109
4.2.2	Method	109
4.3	Receiver Structure	110
4.3.1	Reception by Whitening	110
4.3.2	Reception by Subtraction of the Colored Part of the Noise	114
4.4	Application to Spurious Echoes (or Jammers)	115
4.5	Stationary Colored Noise and Infinite Observation Time	118
4.5.1	Whitening	119
4.5.2	Subtraction of the Colored Part of the Noise	120
4.5.3	Optimum Processing Gain	122
4.6	Discussion	123
Appendix 4A	Karhunen-Loeve Expansion	124
4A.1	The Problem	124
4A.2	Properties of the Integral Equation	126
Appendix 4B	Optimum Receiver in Colored Noise	126
Appendix 4C	Estimation of a Random Signal in the Presence of White Noise--Wiener-Hopf Equation	129
5	Adaptive Processing	133
5.1	Summary	133
5.2	Introduction	139
5.3	Adaptive Noise Suppression	139
5.3.1	Receiver Structure	139
5.3.2	Adaptive Filtering Using a Transversal Filter	144
5.3.3	Convergence	148
5.3.4	Application	150
5.4	Adaptive Whitening	152
5.4.1	Receiver Structure	152
5.4.2	Adaptive Whitening by Lattice Filter	157
5.4.3	Application	157
5.5	Sensor Arrays	160
5.5.1	Problem Statement	160
5.5.2	Application to Jammer Cancellation	163
5.5.3	Adaptive Digital Beamforming with Noise-Only Reference	169
5.5.4	Processing Without Noise-Only Reference	170
5.5.5	Radar Angle-Error Measurement in the Presence of External Interference	172
5.5.6	Capon's Adaptive Processing by Constrained Minimization	174
5.5.7	Application: Space-Time Processing	177
5.5.8	Equivalence Between Adaptive Suppression and Constrained Minimization	180
5.5.9	Calibration	181
5.5.10	Coherent Targets	186
5.5.11	Sidelobe Blanking	189
5.6	Discussion	190
5.7	Passive Listening	191
5.7.1	Problem Statement	191
5.7.2	Maximum Likelihood (Signal + Noise)	193
5.7.3	Spectral Decomposition (Multiple Sources + Noise): MUSIC	194
5.7.4	Comparison	197
5.7.5	Generalized Correlation	200
5.7.6	Discussion	202
5.8	Conclusion	202
	References	204
Appendix 5A	Matrix Inversion Lemma	205
6	Target and Background Signatures	207
6.1	Summary	207
6.2	Radar or Sonar Reflection	212
6.2.1	Polarization	213
6.2.2	RCS	217
6.2.3	Simple Examples	219
6.2.4	Sonar Reflection	223
6.3	Modeling of Nondeformable Targets	224
6.3.1	Analytical Models of RCS or Sonar Target Strength	224
6.3.2	Multiple Scatterers Target Model: Radar Holography	242
6.3.3	Stochastic Models	248
6.3.4	Conclusion	252
6.3.5	Examples: Impulse Response and Transverse Response	253
6.4	Deformable Targets	258
6.4.1	Helicopter Signatures	258
6.4.2	Jet Engine Signatures	260
6.4.3	Vehicle Signatures	261
6.5	Background Signatures	263
6.5.1	Direct Echoes from Backgrounds: Clutter	264
6.5.2	Multiple Paths	269
6.5.3	Propagation	272
6.6	Passive Listening	273
	References	275
Appendix 6A	A Multifrequency Ground Clutter Model	277
6A.1	Weibull Ground Clutter	277
6A.2	Three-Component Ground Clutter Spectrum	278
7	Signature Adapted Processing	283
7.1	Summary	283
7.1.1	Radar Target Recognition	284
7.1.2	Tracking of Extended Targets	286
7.1.3	Detection in Clutter	286
7.1.4	Low-Frequency Radars	288
7.1.5	Wideband Radars	288
7.1.6	Passive Systems	289
7.1.7	Objectives	289
7.2	Radar Target Recognition	290
7.2.1	Approaches	290
7.2.2	Radar Imaging of Moving Targets: Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar	290
7.2.3	Automatic Classification of Targets	292
7.3	Extended Target Tracking	306
7.3.1	The Glint Phenomenon	306
7.3.2	Glint Modeling	315
7.3.3	Antiglint Processing	317
7.4	Target Extraction from Clutter	319
7.4.1	Use of Frequency Agility After Detection	320
7.4.2	Use of Polarimetry	323
7.4.3	Ambiguous Airborne Radars	330
7.4.4	Airborne Detection of Slow Moving Targets	337
7.5	Low-Frequency Radars	347
7.5.1	Scope	347
7.5.2	Targets	347
7.5.3	Propagation	353
7.5.4	Clutter and Interference	358
7.5.5	Target Recognition	359
7.5.6	System Aspects	362
7.6	Wideband Radars	365
7.6.1	Wideband and Ultra-Wideband Radars	366
7.6.2	Wideband Radar Processing	368
7.7	Periodic Signal Passive Listening	371
	References	375
Appendix 7A	Variance of a Rayleigh Variable at the Output of a Logarithmic Amplifier	377
Appendix 7B	Probability Density of the Instantaneous Frequency of a Gaussian Random Process	378
	About the Author	381
	Index	383

Editorial Reviews

Intended for students in specialist courses, this book focuses on theoretical and operating principles. It covers the processing of white noise, reception in colored noise, the physical characteristics of targets and backgrounds, and modeling issues. Particular chapters discuss optimum reception in white and colored noise, application to radar, adaptive processing, target and background signatures, signature adapted processing, Graphs and diagrams illustrate the information discussed in the text. Chevalier is a telecommunications engineer. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)