Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences / Edition 7 available in Paperback
Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences / Edition 7
- ISBN-10:
- 0205628079
- ISBN-13:
- 9780205628070
- Pub. Date:
- 12/17/2008
- Publisher:
- Allyn & Bacon, Inc.
- ISBN-10:
- 0205628079
- ISBN-13:
- 9780205628070
- Pub. Date:
- 12/17/2008
- Publisher:
- Allyn & Bacon, Inc.
Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences / Edition 7
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Overview
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9780205628070 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Allyn & Bacon, Inc. |
| Publication date: | 12/17/2008 |
| Series: | MySearchLab Series for Sociology Series |
| Edition description: | Older Edition |
| Pages: | 432 |
| Product dimensions: | 5.90(w) x 8.90(h) x 0.70(d) |
About the Author
Bruce L. Berg received his PhD from Syracuse University in 1983. His first faculty position as Assistant Professor was at Florida State University, where he also served as Internship Director. In 1986, he took a position at University of Massachusetts-Boston Harbor campus. Then from 1988 to 1996, he moved up the academic ladder at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, achieving tenure and full professor status. He served as chair of many doctoral dissertation committees and thus influenced generations of young scholars. In 1997, he moved to Southern California and took a faculty position at CSULB, where he remained until his death in 2009.
Howard Lune is an Associate Professor of Sociology and the Director of the Graduate Social Research Program at Hunter College, CUNY. He specializes in research on organizations and organizational fields, with a particular focus on nonprofit organizations. The majority of his research concerns the efforts by relatively marginal groups to organize for greater political, social and/or economic power. He has published studies of organizing in response to HIV/AIDS, the development of zero tolerance drug policies in the US, state-community relations in political policy domains, and adolescent violence in public schools.
He is presently working on a historical study of the development of the American Irish collective identity, from the founding the US to the end of the twentieth century.
Table of Contents
Preface xi
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Quantitative Versus Qualitative Schools of Thought 2
Use of Triangulation in Research Methodology 5
Qualitative Strategies: Defining an Orientation 8
From a Symbolic Interactionist Perspective 9
Why Use Qualitative Methods? 15
A Plan of Presentation 16
References 17
Chapter 2 Designing Qualitative Research 21
Theory and Concepts 21
Ideas and Theory 23
Reviewing the Literature 27
Evaluating Web Sites 29
The Two-Card Method 32
Theory, Reality, and the Social World 36
Framing Research Problems 37
Operationalization and Conceptualization 38
Designing Projects 41
Concept Mapping 42
Creating a Concept Map 45
Setting and Population Appropriateness 46
Sampling Strategies 48
Data Collection and Organization 52
Data Storage, Retrieval, and Analysis 53
Dissemination 55
Trying It Out 56
References 56
Chapter 3 Ethical Issues 60
Research Ethics in Historical Perspective 61
From Guidelines to Law: Regulations on the Research Process 67
Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) 68
IRBs and Their Duties 69
Clarifying the Role of IRBs 72
Active Versus Passive Consent 74
Active Versus Passive Consent in Internet Research 76
Membership Criteria for IRBs 77
Ethical Codes 78
Some Common Ethical Concerns in Behavioral Research 78
Covert Versus Overt Researcher Roles 80
New Areas for Ethical Concern: Cyberspace 84
Protection for Children 85
Debriefing the Subjects 86
Informed Consent and Implied Consent 87
Confidentiality and Anonymity 90
Keeping Identifying Records 91
Strategies for Safeguarding Confidentiality 91
Securing the Data 92
Objectivity and Careful Research Design93
Trying It Out 95
References 95
Chapter 4 A Dramaturgical Look at Interviewing 101
Dramaturgy and Interviewing 102
Types of Interviews 104
The Standardized Interview 105
The Unstandardized Interview 106
The Semistandardized Interview 107
The Interview Schedule 109
Schedule Development 111
Question Order (Sequencing), Content, and Style 112
Communicating Effectively 116
A Few Common Problems in Question Formulation 117
Affectively Worded Questions 117
The Double-Barreled Question 118
Complex Questions 118
Pretesting the Schedule 119
Long Versus Short Interviews 119
Telephone Interviews 121
Advantages of the Telephone Interview 123
Disadvantages of the Telephone Interview 123
Computer Assisted Interviewing 123
Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) 124
Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI) 125
Web-Based In-Depth Interviews 125
Conducting an Interview: A Natural or an Unnatural Communication? 127
The Dramaturgical Interview 128
Interviewer Roles and Rapport 130
The Role of the Interviewee 132
The Interviewer as a Self-Conscious Performer 132
Social Interpretations and the Interviewer 133
The Interviewer's Repertoire 136
Interviewers' Attitudes and Persuading a Subject 139
Developing an Interviewer Repertoire 140
Techniques to Get New Researchers Started 141
Taking the Show on the Road 142
The Ten Commandments of Interviewing 143
Know Your Audience 144
Curtain Calls 146
Analyzing Data Obtained from the Dramaturgical Interview 146
Beginning an Analysis 147
Systematic Filing Systems 147
Short-Answer Sheets 149
Analysis Procedures: A Concluding Remark 149
Trying It Out 150
Notes 151
References 152
Chapter 5 Focus Group Interviewing 158
What are Focus Group Interviews? 158
The Moderator's Role 159
Some Problems to Avoid in Focus Group Interviewing 160
The Evolution of Focus Group Interviews 163
Advantages and Disadvantages of Focus Group Interviewing 165
Focus Group Interviewing and Face-to-Face Interviewing 166
Focus Group Interviewing and Participant Observation 168
Focus Group Interviewing and Unobtrusive Measures 169
Facilitating Focus Group Dynamics: How Focus Groups Work 172
The Moderator's Guide 172
Introduction and Introductory Activities 173
Statement of the Basic Rules or Guidelines for the Interview 173
Short Question-and-Answer Discussions 174
Special Activities or Exercises 174
Guidance for Dealing with Sensitive Issues 175
Basic Ingredients in Focus Groups 175
Analyzing Focus Group Data 180
Confidentiality and Focus Group Interviews 181
Recent Trends in Focus Groups: Online Focus Groups 183
Conclusion 184
Trying It Out 185
Notes 185
References 186
Chapter 6 Ethnographic Field Strategies 190
Accessing a Field Setting: Getting In 194
Reflectivity and Ethnography 198
Critical Ethnography 198
The Attitude of the Ethnographer 200
The Researcher's Voice 200
Gaining Entry 204
Becoming Invisible 207
Dangers of Invisibility 209
Other Dangers During Ethnographic Research 211
Watching, Listening, and Learning 213
How to Learn: What to Watch and Listen For 215
Field Notes 218
Computers and Ethnography 225
OnLine Ethnography 226
Analyzing Ethnographic Data 228
Other Analysis Strategies: Typologies, Sociograms, and Metaphors 230
Typologies 230
Sociograms 232
Metaphors 236
Disengaging: Getting Out 236
Trying It Out 238
References 238
Chapter 7 Action Research 246
The Basics of Action Research 251
Identifying the Research Question(s) 253
Gathering the Information to Answer the Question(s) 254
Analyzing and Interpreting the Information 254
Procedures for Using Interview and Ethnographic Data 255
Guiding Questions of Analysis: Why, What, How, Who, Where, When? 255
Descriptive Accounts and Reports 256
Sharing the Results with the Participants 256
When to Use and When Not to Use Action Research 257
The Action Researcher's Role 258
Types of Action Research 258
Technical/Scientific/Collaborative Mode 259
A Practical/Mutual Collaborative/Deliberate Mode 259
Emancipating or Empowering/Enhancing/Critical Science Mode 260
Photovoice and Action Research 261
The Goals in Photovoice 262
Action Research: A Reiteration 263
Trying It Out 264
References 265
Chapter 8 Unobtrusive Measures in Research 268
Archival Strategies 271
Public Archives 271
Private Archives: Solicited and Unsolicited Documents 282
A Last Remark about Archival Records 286
Physical Erosion and accretion: Human Traces as Data Sources 287
Erosion Measures 287
Accretion Measures 288
Some Final Remarks about Physical Traces 289
Trying It Out 290
References 290
Chapter 9 Historiography and Oral Traditions 296
What Is Historical Research? 296
Life Histories and Historiography 300
What Are the Sources of Data of Historical Researchers? 300
Doing Historiography: Tracing Written History as Data 301
External Criticism 303
Internal Criticism 307
What Are Oral Histories? 309
Trying It Out 313
References 313
Chapter 10 Case Studies 317
The Nature of Case Studies 317
Theory and Case Studies 319
The Individual Case Study 322
The Use of Interview Data 322
The Use of Personal Documents 324
Intrinsic, Instrumental, and Collective Case Studies 325
Case Study Design Types 326
Exploratory Case Studies 327
Explanatory Case Studies 327
Descriptive Case Studies 327
The Scientific Benefit of Case Studies 329
Objectivity and the Case Method 329
Generalizability 330
Case Studies of Organizations 330
Case Studies of Communities 331
Data Collection for Community Case Studies 332
Community Groups and Interests 333
Trying It Out 334
References 335
Chapter 11 An Introduction to Content Analysis 338
What is Content Analysis? 338
Analysis of Qualitative Data 339
Interpretative Approaches 339
Social Anthropological Approaches 339
Collaborative Social Research Approaches 340
Content Analysis as a Technique 341
Content Analysis: Quantitative or Qualitative? 342
Manifest Versus Latent Content Analysis 343
Blending Manifest and Latent Content Analysis Strategies 344
Communication Components 345
What to Count: Levels and Units of Analysis 346
Category Development: Building Grounded Theory 346
What to Count 348
Combinations of Elements 349
Units and Categories 350
Classes and Categories 351
Discourse Analysis and Content Analysis 352
Open Coding 353
Coding Frames 356
A Few More Words on Analytic Induction 358
Interrogative Hypothesis Testing 360
Stages in the Content Analysis Process 362
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Content Analysis Process 364
Computers and Qualitative Analysis 366
Word Processors 368
Text Retrievers 368
Textbase Managers 368
Code-and-Retrieve Programs 368
Code-Based Theory Builders 369
Conceptual Network Builders 369
Qualitative Research at the Speed of Light 371
Trying It Out 372
References 373
Chapter 12 Writing Research Papers: Sorting the Noodles from the Soup 378
Plagiarism: What It Is, Why It's Bad, and How to Avoid It 379
Why Plagiarism Occurs 379
How to Avoid Plagiarism 380
Identifying the Purpose of the Writing: Arranging the Noodles 382
Delineating a Supportive Structure: Visual Signals for the Reader 383
The Title 386
The Abstract 386
The Introduction 387
Literature Review 388
Methodology 390
Findings or Results 392
Discussion/Conclusion 392
References, Notes, and Appendices 393
Presenting Research Material 396
Disseminating the Research: Professional Meetings and Publications 396
A Word About the Content of Papers and Articles 400
Write It, Rewrite It, Then Write It Again! 400
A Few Writing Hints 402
A Final Note 404
Notes 405
References 406
Name Index 408
Subject Index 413