Table of Contents
List of contributors
Preface
Part 1. Concepts and Business Model
Chapter 1 The concept of Resources Oriented Agro-Sanitation System and its Business Model
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Nature of conventional sanitation concept and required new policy
1.2.1 Three sanitation generations
1.2.2 Limitation of the modern sanitation concept
1.2.3 Resource oriented sanitation
1.2.4 Basic policy of the postmodern sanitation
1.3 Sanitation business model: Case of rural area of Burkina Faso
1.3.1 Case field
1.3.2 Current value chain in and around rural household
1.3.3 Framework of sanitation business model for rural household in Burkina Faso
1.4 Discussions
1.4.1 Difference of benefit and beneficial actors
1.4.2 Advantage of the postmodern sanitation concept
1.4.3 Effective approach for the postmodern sanitation
1.4.4 Topics requires further accumulation of knowledge and knowhow
1.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 2 Technologies for Resources Oriented Agro-Sanitation System. Overview
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The characteristic of feces, urine and grey water
2.2.1 Characteristics of human feces
2.2.2 Characteristics of human urine
2.2.3 Characteristics of grey water
2.3 The concept for building up the technical part in sanitation value chain
2.4 Models for Rural and urban area and technologies for these models
2.4.1 Rural model
2.4.2 Urban model
2.4.3 Technologies for feces
2.4.4 Technologies for urine
2.4.5 Technologies for gray water
2.4.6 Technologies for agricultural use of urine and reclaimed gray water
References
Part 2. Technologies for Feces: Composting Type Toilet
Chapter 3 Fate of Carbon in Composting Process
Abstract
3.1 Composting Toilet
3.2 Characteristics of feces
3.3 Biological activity in the composting reactor of the bio-toilet system
3.3.1 Respiration rate profiles
3.3.2 TS, VS, and COD reductions
3.4 Transformation of organic matter based on COD measurements
3.5 Transformation of organic matter in terms of mass units
References
Chapter 4 Fate of Nitrogen in Composting Process
Abstract
4.1. Introduction
4.2 Materials and Methods
4.2.1 Test Materials
4.2.2 Condition of the butch test
4.3 Summary of test results
4.3.1 Component of fecal nitrogen in human feces
4.3.2 Oxygen consumption in the composting process
4.3.3 Fate of fecal nitrogen in the composting process
4.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Fate of pathogens in Composting Process
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The effect on microorganisms in composting toilets using model pathogens
5.2.1 Moisture content, temperature and pH
5.2.2 The effect in actually operating composting toilets
5.2.3 Moisture content, temperature and pH
5.2.4 The fate of several species of coliphages
5.3 Appropriate operational condition from the viewpoint of QMRA
5.4 Appropriate microbial index for hygienic safety
5.5 New methods for estimating the mechanisms of microbe inactivation
5.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6 Fate of Pharmaceuticals in Composting Process
Abstract
6.1 Fate of Pharmaceuticals in Human Body
6.1.1 Absorption
6.1.2 Distribution
6.1.3 Metabolism
6.1.4 Excretion
6.2 Effect of Pharmaceuticals in Composting Process of Feces
6.2.1 Single Exposure Effect
6.2.2 Reactivation of Amoxicillin-Dosed Composting Reactor by Intermittent Feeding of Feces
6.2.3 Role of feces in the composting process
6.3 Degradation of antibiotics in composting process
6.3.1 Factors Affecting the Degradation of Antibiotics
6.3.2 Antimicrobial Activity of Degradation Product
6.4 Degradation of Other Pharmaceuticals in Composting Process
6.4.1 Effect of Feces Loading Ratio and Degradation Characteristics in Composting Process
6.4.2 Pharmaceuticals in Practically Operated Composting Toilet
References
Chapter 7 Fate of Water in Composting Toilet
Abstract
7.1. Introduction
7.2 Experiment
7.2.1 Lab scale test
7.2.2 Full scale test Condition of the butch test
7.3 Summary of test results
7.3.1 Drying rate of sawdust matrix in the lab-scale test
7.3.2 Drying rate of sawdust matrix in the full-scale test and comparison with data from lab-scale test
7.3.3 Effect of mixing frequency on drying rate of full-scale toilet
7.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Design of Composting Type Toilet
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Considerations for the operation
8.3 Considerations for the design
8.3.1 Estimation of the drying surface of the composting reactor (A)
8.3.2 Estimation of the sawdust matrix volume (VT)
8.3.3 Dimensions of the composting reactor
References
Part 3. Technologies for Urine:
Chapter 9 Components of pure fresh human urine and their fate in storage process
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Collection of urine and storage experiment
9.2.1 Collection and storage test of fresh urine
9.2.2 Pretreatment
9.2.3 Determination of amino acid and organic acid in urine
9.2.4 Molecular weight distribution of organic matter and determination of pharmaceuticals
9.2.5 Analysis of inorganic species and nitrogen compounds
9.2.6 Analysis of the Cyclic Voltammetry (CV)
9.3 Compounds in very fresh human urine
9.4 Fate of urine component during 90 days storage
9.4.1 Transformation of organic matter
9.4.2 Electrochemical character of urine
9.4.3 Fate of pharmaceuticals
9.4.4 Nitrogen transformation
9.4.5 Evolution of ion species for PO43- precipitation
9.5 Summary
References
Chapter 10 Volume reduction of urine
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The water transport model of the vertical gauze sheet
10.2.1 The Model for describing water in the vertical gauze sheet
10.2.2 Experimental set up and material
10.3 Experimental results: water evaporation rate and confirmation of the model
10.3.1 Estimation of the evaporation rate using synthetic urine
10.3.2 Estimation of the water supply rate using de-ionized water
10.3.3 Estimation of the evaporation rate using de-ionized water and mass transfer coefficient
10.3.4 Confirmation of the water transport model of the vertical sheet
10.4 Preliminary design procedure of the vertical sheet for OVRS
10.4.1 Design procedure
10.4.2 Estimation of size for a vertical sheet for OVRS adopted to dry climate conditions of Southern Pakistan
10.4.3 Other issues which may influence OVRS
10.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Recovery of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from urine
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Production of slow-released nitrogen fertilizer from urine (Ito et al. 2013)
11.2.1 Slow-released nitrogen fertilizer
11.2.2 Production of methylene urea from synthetic urine
11.2.3 Application to real urine
11.3 Phosphorous recovery from Urine by heterogeneous crystallization (Ito and Funamizu, 2016)
11.3.1Heterogeneous crystallization of phosphorous by using scallop (Miuhopecten yessoensis) shell
11.3.2 Experiment
11.3.3 Results-1 Observation of particle surface by SEM-EDS
11.3.4 Results-2 Crystal structure of precipitate on the shell surface
11.4 Summary
References
Part 4. Technologies for Grey Water
Chapter 12 Slanted Soil System
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Materials and Methods
12.2.1 Experimental apparatus and operation
12.2.2 Sampling and analysis
12.3 Results
12.3.1 SS removal and clogging
12.3.2 Removal of organic materials and LAS
12.3.3 Pathogens removal
12.3.4 Phytotoxicity test
12.4 Discussions
12.4.1 Treatment performance
12.4.2 Reduction characteristics of COD and LAS
12.4.3 Design criteria
12.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13 Membrane System for Grey Water
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Higher load greywater characteristics
13.3 Membrane Bioreactor
13.4 Nature of conventional sanitation concept and required new policy
13.4.1 KSWW only
13.4.2 KSWW + WMWW Mixture
13.5 Flat – plate submerged MBR
References
Chapter 14 Treatment of Greywater by Geotextile Filter and Intermittent Sand Filtration
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Materials and Methods
14.2.1 Evaluation of geotextiles
14.2.2 Evaluation of Intermittent Sand Filters
14.2.3 Greywater characteristics
14.2.4 Sample analysis
14.3 Results
14.3.1 Performance of geotextiles
14.3.2 Performance of ISFs and geotextile filter
14.4 Discussion
14.5 Conclusions
References
Part 5. Agriculture
Chapter 15 Application of human urine in agriculture
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Adequate human urine application pattern for agriculture
15.2.1 Pot experiments
15.2.2 Results
15.2.3 Discussions
15.3 Effects of extra human urine volume application
15.3.1 Pot experiments
15.3.2 Results
15.3.3 Discussion
15.4 Effects of continuous application of extra human urine volume on plan and soil
15.4.1 Pot experiments
15.4.2 Results
15.4.3 Discussion
References
Chapter 16 On-site Use of Reclaimed Greywater
Abstract
16.1 Economic benefit of on-site greywater reuse
16.2 Quantity of greywater
16.3 Quality of greywater
16.3.1 Suspended Solids
16.3.2 Nitrogen and phosphorus
16.3.3 pH
16.3.4 Salinity and sodium adsorption ratio
16.3.5 Oil and Grease
16.3.6 Surfactant
16.3.7 Microorganisms
16.4 A case study of on-site greywater reuse in rural area, Burkina Faso.
16.4.1 Background
16.4.2 Planning of on-site greywater reuse
16.4.3 Installing of on-site treatment facilities
16.4.4 Monitoring of pilot-garden
16.5 Conclusion
References
Part 6. Cases
Chapter 17 Experiment of a resources oriented Agro-Sanitation system in Sahelian rural community: case of Burkina Faso
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Experimental sites
17.3 Greywater treatment
17.3.1 Developing the treatment system
17.3.2 Complex shower room –slanted soil system
17.3.3 Performance
17.3.4 Training of users
17.4 Urine treatment
17.4.1 Laboratory experiment
17.4.2 Field tests and implementation in pilot families
17.5 Feces treatment
17.5.1 Construction of composting toilet pilot
17.5.2 Composting process performance
17.6 Acceptability of the system by users and willingness to reuse by-products
17.6.1 Demonstration of urine fertilizer value
17.6.2 Feedbacks on acceptability
17.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18 Experiment of a resources oriented Agro-Sanitation system for urban slum area: case of Indonesia
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Framework of agro-sanitation model for urban slum in Indonesia
18.2.1 Overview of case field
18.2.2 Agro-sanitation model
18.3 Economic feasibility assessment of agro-sanitation business model
18.3.1 Materials and methods
18.3.2 Results
18.3.3 Discussion
18.4 Demand potential assessment
18.4.1 Assessment scheme
18.4.2 Demand and supply balance
18.4.3 Fertilizer price evaluation
18.5 Discussion on social aspect
18.6 Conclusions
References
