Settling the Frontier: Urban Development in America's Borderlands, 1600-1830
The Role of Indigenous People in the Founding of America's First Major Border Towns
In 1811, while escorting members of John Jacob Astor’s Pacific Fur Company up the Columbia River, their Chinookan guide refused to advance beyond a particular point that marked a boundary between his people and another indigenous group. Long before European contact, Native Americans created and maintained recognized borders, ranging from family hunting and fishing properties to larger tribal territories to vast river valley regions. Within the confines of these respective borders, the native population often established permanent settlements that acted as the venues for the major political, economic, and social activities that took place in virtually every part of precolonial North America. It was the location of these native settlements that played a major role in the establishment of the first European, and later, American frontier towns.
In Settling the Frontier: Urban Development in America’s Borderlands, 1600–1830, historian Joseph P. Alessi examines how the Pecos, Mohawk, Ohioan, and Chinook tribal communities aided Europeans and Americans in the founding of five of America’s earliest border towns—Santa Fe (New Mexico), Fort Amsterdam (New York City), Fort Orange (Albany, New York), Fort Pitt (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), and Fort Astoria (Portland, Oregon). Filling a void in scholarship about the role of Native American communities in  the settlement of North America, Alessi reveals that, although often resistant to European and American progress or abused by it, Indians played an integral role in motivating and assisting Europeans with the establishment of frontier towns. In addition to the location of these towns, the native population was often crucial to the survival of the settlers in unfamiliar and unforgiving environments. As a result, these new towns became the logistical and economic vanguards for even greater development and exploitation of North America.
1135445441
Settling the Frontier: Urban Development in America's Borderlands, 1600-1830
The Role of Indigenous People in the Founding of America's First Major Border Towns
In 1811, while escorting members of John Jacob Astor’s Pacific Fur Company up the Columbia River, their Chinookan guide refused to advance beyond a particular point that marked a boundary between his people and another indigenous group. Long before European contact, Native Americans created and maintained recognized borders, ranging from family hunting and fishing properties to larger tribal territories to vast river valley regions. Within the confines of these respective borders, the native population often established permanent settlements that acted as the venues for the major political, economic, and social activities that took place in virtually every part of precolonial North America. It was the location of these native settlements that played a major role in the establishment of the first European, and later, American frontier towns.
In Settling the Frontier: Urban Development in America’s Borderlands, 1600–1830, historian Joseph P. Alessi examines how the Pecos, Mohawk, Ohioan, and Chinook tribal communities aided Europeans and Americans in the founding of five of America’s earliest border towns—Santa Fe (New Mexico), Fort Amsterdam (New York City), Fort Orange (Albany, New York), Fort Pitt (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), and Fort Astoria (Portland, Oregon). Filling a void in scholarship about the role of Native American communities in  the settlement of North America, Alessi reveals that, although often resistant to European and American progress or abused by it, Indians played an integral role in motivating and assisting Europeans with the establishment of frontier towns. In addition to the location of these towns, the native population was often crucial to the survival of the settlers in unfamiliar and unforgiving environments. As a result, these new towns became the logistical and economic vanguards for even greater development and exploitation of North America.
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Settling the Frontier: Urban Development in America's Borderlands, 1600-1830

Settling the Frontier: Urban Development in America's Borderlands, 1600-1830

by Joseph P. Alessi
Settling the Frontier: Urban Development in America's Borderlands, 1600-1830

Settling the Frontier: Urban Development in America's Borderlands, 1600-1830

by Joseph P. Alessi

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Overview

The Role of Indigenous People in the Founding of America's First Major Border Towns
In 1811, while escorting members of John Jacob Astor’s Pacific Fur Company up the Columbia River, their Chinookan guide refused to advance beyond a particular point that marked a boundary between his people and another indigenous group. Long before European contact, Native Americans created and maintained recognized borders, ranging from family hunting and fishing properties to larger tribal territories to vast river valley regions. Within the confines of these respective borders, the native population often established permanent settlements that acted as the venues for the major political, economic, and social activities that took place in virtually every part of precolonial North America. It was the location of these native settlements that played a major role in the establishment of the first European, and later, American frontier towns.
In Settling the Frontier: Urban Development in America’s Borderlands, 1600–1830, historian Joseph P. Alessi examines how the Pecos, Mohawk, Ohioan, and Chinook tribal communities aided Europeans and Americans in the founding of five of America’s earliest border towns—Santa Fe (New Mexico), Fort Amsterdam (New York City), Fort Orange (Albany, New York), Fort Pitt (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), and Fort Astoria (Portland, Oregon). Filling a void in scholarship about the role of Native American communities in  the settlement of North America, Alessi reveals that, although often resistant to European and American progress or abused by it, Indians played an integral role in motivating and assisting Europeans with the establishment of frontier towns. In addition to the location of these towns, the native population was often crucial to the survival of the settlers in unfamiliar and unforgiving environments. As a result, these new towns became the logistical and economic vanguards for even greater development and exploitation of North America.

Product Details

ISBN-13: 9781594166600
Publisher: Westholme Publishing
Publication date: 07/30/2020
Sold by: Barnes & Noble
Format: eBook
Pages: 295
File size: 4 MB

About the Author

Joseph P. Alessi teaches history at Youngstown State University. A retired US Army lieutenant colonel, he earned an MA and PhD in history from St. Louis University. He has taught at the United States Military Academy, Washington University in St. Louis, and the University of Pittsburgh. He is a contributor to Studies of Changing Societies, The International Encyclopedia of Military HistoryTheEncyclopedia of American Indian Wars, and Treaties with American Indians: An Encyclopedia of Rights, Conflicts, and Sovereignty.

Table of Contents

List of Maps vii

Introduction: The Urban Frontier Revisited xi

Part 1 The Frontier's First Settlements

1 American Indian Subsistence Technologies 5

Desert Farmers: The Pecos 6

Woodland Farmers of the East: The Mohawk and Ohio Indians 8

Fishermen of the Northwest Coast: The Chinook 13

2 The Socioeconomic World of the American Indian Frontier 17

The Components of American Indian Preindustrial Economies 18

Age, Obligation, Prestige, and Position in Pecos Society 19

The Establishment of Rank in Mohawk and Ohio Indian Societies 22

The Chinook 30

3 American Indian Political Systems 37

A Hierachy of Political Systems 38

The Foundations of Government 39

Pecos Government: A Secularized Theocracy 40

League, Nation, and Settlement Government of the Mohawk 44

Democratic Settlements: Ohio Indian Governments 49

Chinook Chieftainships 65

Part 2 Resettling the American Frontier

4 For God, Glory, Gold, and Protection 73

Early Spanish Interest in New Mexico, 1536-1598 75

The Spanish Trials at San Juan and San Gabriel, 1598-1610 78

The Establishment of Santa Fe and New Mexico, 1610-1680 83

The First Pueblo Revolts, 1639-1680 92

The Reconquista of New Mexico Begins, 1692 93

The Restoration of Santa Fe, 1693-1695 96

The Second Pueblo Revolt, 1696 104

After the Rebellions 106

5 Settling New York's Frontier 111

Historical Background of the Dutch Colonization of New Nefherland 112

The Exploration Phase, 1609-1614 112

The Trading Phase, 1614-1623 117

The Settlement Phase, 1624-1664 124

6 The Emergence of Pittsburgh 143

Historical Background of Ohio Valley Settlement 144

Indian Diplomacy Opens the Way to Settlement, 1744-1747 145

Ramifications of the Council Fires at Logstown, 1748-1752 150

The Logstown Conference of 1752 156

The Construction of Forts Prince George and Duquesne, 1752-1754 159

The End of Logstonian Political Power, 1754 164

Ohio Indian Support of Fort Duquesne, 1754-1758 166

The Building of Fort Pitt, 1758-1762 173

7 The Building of Astoria 189

Historical Background of Pacific Northwest Settlement 189

The Hardships of the Frontier: The Astorians' First Months 190

Their Needs and Wants Fulfilled: Chinook Physical Support 193

The Negotiators of Water and Woodland: Chinook Political Support 202

Eyes and Ears Open: Chinook Informational Support 205

Chinook Military Support 208

After Astoria: Fort George, Fort Vancouver, and Portland, 1813-1850 210

Conclusion 213

Notes 221

Bibliography 251

Acknowledgments 267

Index 269

Maps

1 North America viii-ix

2 Spanish Exploration in the Southwest 77

3 Pueblos in the Seventeenth Century 85

4 American Indians in the Northeast 110

5 New Netherland 127

6 American Indians in the Ohio Valley 147

7 Braddock and Forbes Expeditions 171

8 The Astorian Settlements around the Columbia River 197

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