Siblings All, Sign of the Times: The Social Teaching of Pope Francis
240
Siblings All, Sign of the Times: The Social Teaching of Pope Francis
240Paperback
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Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9781626984820 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Orbis Books |
| Publication date: | 11/10/2022 |
| Pages: | 240 |
| Sales rank: | 1,038,150 |
| Product dimensions: | 5.38(w) x 8.25(h) x 0.50(d) |
| Age Range: | 17 - 18 Years |
About the Author
Christian Barone is a priest of the diocese of Noto in Sicily working in Rome. With a doctorate in dogmatic theology from the Gregorian University, he lectures in its department of fundamental theology as well as at other theological faculties.
Read an Excerpt
Our intention with this book is to introduce the 2021 Encyclical Letter of Pope Francis, significantly entitled Fratelli Tutti, which we translate as “Siblings All.” In doing so, we first profile the work and teaching of the Argentinian pope—brought to Rome from the peripheries “almost from the ends of the earth”1 —to highlight his continuity with the affirmations of the Second Vatican Council.
We will try to highlight the features that distinguish the “social” Magisterium of Pope Francis without claiming to be exhaustive or wanting to be apologetic.
Two preliminary observations may be useful in order to contextualize what we intend to develop in the course of this reflection
The first premise is drawn from the text of Dei Verbum, in which the Council Fathers affirm that God has spoken to humanity with “deeds and words [gestis verbisque]” (DV 2). In describing the economy of Revelation, they wanted to emphasize the circularity (perichoresis) and the intimate connection between what God says and what God does.
It is important to note that they chose to give precedence to deeds, so as to emphasize that in the divine action it is the events of salvation history that “manifest and confirm the teaching and realities signified by the words” (DV 2).
We can apply this hermeneutic criterion to the pontificate of Pope Francis. In order to understand his Magisterium, it is not enough to refer to the speeches or documents promulgated in the course of his papacy, but it is necessary to look at his actions. We need only think, for example, of the visit of Francis to the migrants who arrived on decrepit fishing boats or rubber dinghies in Lampedusa; of the meeting with women freed from the prostitution racket with the help of the Comunità Papa Giovanni XXIII; of the stop in Thailand to be close to the children who are victims of sex tourism; of the numerous apostolic trips in which he has been a “pilgrim” in various parts of the world; and also of the many gestures of hope expressed during and since the COVID-19 pandemic and all its upheaval.2
It is the concrete signs and actions that he has offered since the beginning of his Petrine ministry that illuminate the words that he has addressed during these years to Catholics, to Christians of other confessions, to the faithful of other religions, to believers and not, and to all people of good will.
The second premise is more general and concerns the way in which the Church has implemented the documents of the Councils that it has celebrated down through the centuries. History teaches us that not everything decreed by a Council is implemented in ecclesial practice in the same way and at the same time. We can easily see this by looking, for example, at the Constitutions promulgated by Vatican II; the liturgical reform, outlined by Sacrosanctum Concilium, was more readily accepted than the ecclesial renewal proposed by Lumen Gentium.
Over the past fifty years, the Church has seen a theologicalpastoral “custom” take root that—de facto—has represented a truly selective interpretation of the Council. This shows us how, at least up until now, Vatican II has only been implemented in part and that much work still remains to be done.3
We can understand some of the fundamental choices of the Magisterium of Francis and his insistence on certain points of the Council as an attempt to follow up and find a way of implementing some of what remains unfinished: to implement those things that the Council documents indicate but which have not yet been fully integrated into the Church’s living experience.
Among these, we can situate Francis’s numerous reminders of the need for greater collegiality among bishops, a more significant role on the part of national episcopal conferences, and a renewal of the role played by the papacy. Also to be included are his continual references to various issues, such as the importance of women, the role of the laity, the preferential option for the poor, the dangers of clericalism, and the damage caused by the economy of exclusion.
The point here is not just to refer generally to some of the cornerstones of conciliar teaching, which Francis is obviously committed to promoting. We must also ask questions that aim to probe deeper into the link between the “Church that ‘goes forth,’” which he has strongly desired, and the theological horizon traced by Vatican II. What elements enable us to see continuity in the teaching of the Church? What are the “interrupted pathways” of the Council that Francis wants the Church to rediscover in order to regain momentum today? In which direction is Francis trying to guide the future of the Church?
In order to answer these questions, it may be helpful to highlight four aspects of Francis’s Magisterium that are not only deeply rooted in the transformation initiated by Vatican II, but that serve as an authentic way of interpreting the conciliar event itself.
Pastoral life as intrinsic to, not derivative of, doctrinal elaboration
Francis has made his own the most original intuition of John XXIII, which convinced him of the need to convene a council: prioritizing the good of souls and the need to respond to the necessities of the present time. Contrary to those who saw this pastoral life as something that followed doctrinal formulation, as if it were a practical application of principles formulated by deduction, John understood pastoral life as a constitutive and intrinsic dimension of doctrine.4
This same conviction is manifested in Pope Francis, who on several occasions has highlighted the need to overcome the “divorce” between theology and pastoral life, between faith and life.5 Rather than being a “teacher” who reiterates the wellestablished principles of doctrine, Francis has chosen to present himself as a “pastor or shepherd” who accompanies his flock and guides it towards a more authentic fidelity to the Gospel. For this reason, since the first months of his pontificate, he has encouraged the Church to emerge from its withdrawal into itself and to stop speaking in a self-referential manner, because only by “going out and risking” does one gain concrete experience of what one is called to proclaim.6
This is why the mystery of the encounter with the Lord, true God and true man, is at the heart of the Magisterium of Francis. Recovering the kerygmatic nature of faith (EG 164) protects it from any theoretical meandering, bringing it back to the truth of that relationship with Christ that springs from the initial proclamation of the Gospel. Faith is not an ideology, but that concrete bond that we establish with the Lord and that impels us forward to meet others.7 The establishment of this personal relationship within the Church gives rise to the desire to change one’s life and the choice to bear joyful witness to Christ’s love for the world.8
In this sense, both Evangelii Gaudium and Laudato Si’ develop what Pope Paul VI had already expressed in Evangelii Nuntiandi. Stressing the importance of the joy of proclaiming the Gospel—recognizing in it a theological-pastoral criterion that guides ecclesial choices as well as the content of every evangelizing action—means reconnecting the Church to the foundational experience of Easter.9
The Church as the “People of God” on the way to salvation
The evocative image of the Church as the “People of God,” taken from Scripture and renewed by Lumen Gentium, recurs frequently in the teaching of the post-conciliar popes. Francis, however, employs it in his own way. For him, “People of God” means recognizing in the encounter between the Gospel and cultures a further criterion for verifying the life of faith of the entire Catholic Church. The Church must allow itself to be challenged by the realities of the present and the challenges that it faces, developing a response of contextualized faith that leads it to continually renew itself and express its faithfulness to Christ as time unfolds, generation after generation.10
If this were not the case, if the Church were to lose its consciousness of always being on the move, as a reality in the making, it would run the risk of absolutizing a given historical period and crystallizing itself in a particular form of the Church (forma ecclesiae).
Only a Church that recognizes itself as unique People of God can mature in its vocation to universality and be for everyone “the house of the Father, with doors always wide open” and “Mother with an open heart” (EG 46–47; FT 276).
For Francis it is necessary to rediscover “the spiritual savor of being a people” (EG 268–274), which means growing in the mature certainty and confessing with right intention that God wants the happiness of all human beings, that “no one is excluded from the joy brought by the Lord” (EG 3). In this perspective, we can perceive the challenges that the pope indicates for the Church in today’s world, set out in detail in Evangelii Gaudium, as well as the first chapter of Fratelli Tutti: individualism, growth without integral development, the economy of exclusion, the prevalence of particular interests, inequality that generates violence, anthropological reductionism, and the lack of a shared understanding aimed at everyone being siblings everywhere, in universal solidarity and social friendship.
The close link between the proclamation of the Gospel and social commitment, between faith and justice, between joy and solidarity, shows how the essence of Christianity is summed up in charity. We can proclaim God’s greatest truths to the world, but without that love that draws close and gives itself to the “injured” neighbor, in the image of the Good Samaritan, faith stops short at a merely theoretical level. Charity, on the other hand, is the antidote to any gnostic drifting, because it is never abstract.11
The attitude toward the poor, therefore, is a further discerning and decisive criterion for testing the unity of the People of God. It is not just a question of “helping the poor,” but of recognizing that the poor are the measure of our conformity to Christ. For this reason, the poor evangelize us, they challenge us, and they call us back to the radicality of the demands of the Gospel.
The category of People of God in the Magisterium of Francis has prompted a further development of conciliar ecclesiology that is known as inculturation of the faith. 12 On the one hand, overcoming the strict identification of the Catholic Church with Western culture, as stated in Gaudium et Spes, 13 has made it possible to rethink the form of the Church (forma ecclesiae) as unity in difference, in the manner of trinitarian persons. At the same time, it is true that the direction taken by the postconciliar Church has shown a certain resistance to implementing this principle.
For Francis, God’s Revelation reverberates with every people, just as light refracts on the surface of a polyhedron (EG 235): every cultural identity is “flesh” in which the Word of God reveals the face of the Father.14 The Final Document of the Pan-Amazonian Synod (FDA) states without hesitation that it is necessary to reject “any colonialist-style evangelization”
and that to proclaim the good news is to recognize that “seeds of the Word are already present in cultures” (FDA 55). Francis likewise explains that unity is not uniformity, but a “pluriform harmony” that assumes differences and values partiality, because “the whole is greater than the part, but it is also greater than the sum of its parts” (FT 78).
The care of our “common home”
Although the issue of safeguarding creation is not new to the Magisterium of the Church, thanks to both John Paul II and Benedict XVI, it is Pope Francis who stands out for his focus on the environment. Vatican II, looking at environmental issues, had already denounced how contemporary humanity relates to nature not as a wise steward, but thoughtlessly taking advantage to the point of impoverishing its resources and changing its equilibrium (GS 3). In this sense, the principles of solidarity and subsidiarity—which are two fundamental cornerstones of the social teaching of the Church15—should be seen as basic to a Gospel understanding of respect for creation.
However, with Francis’s Encyclical Laudato Si’, we find ourselves before a novelty in the panorama of magisterial documents. Up until Francis, the environment had been dealt with as one theme among many in the teachings of the Church. Instead, Francis chose to dedicate a broad and complex text entirely to the environment, recognizing the inescapable, pressing relevance of the problem.16 This is not a “green” encyclical but a magisterial teaching with an all-encompassing social emphasis: the fate of creation is inextricably and reciprocally linked to that of all humanity.
Francis’s explicit denunciation of the “throwaway” mentality that generates a “culture of waste” and leads to the destruction of nature and the exploitation of more vulnerable persons and populations is intended to enable an ecological conscience to emerge that recovers a sense of limits, based on recognizing the value of the human person
This document not only raises the alarm, but it also asks what can be done to “help us escape the spiral of self-destruction which currently engulfs us” (LS 163). Francis points out the need for worldwide governance, for an agreement that expresses common goals and establishes pathways to be followed together for the good of all.17 Thus, the proposal of our all being siblings and of social friendship articulated by Fratelli Tutti, which goes beyond the limits imposed by particular ideologies and economic interests, is in continuity with and explicitly expresses what has already been outlined in Laudato Si’.
Dialogue as path, collaboration as method
Following the guidelines set out by Vatican II in the Decree Unitatis Redintegratio and the Declaration Nostra Aetate, Pope Francis has given a new impetus to the ecumenical movement and to interreligious dialogue.18 From his point of view, when identity is strong, it does not fear encounter and dialogue; nor does it perceive the other as an enemy or a threat. On the other hand, avoiding confrontation expresses great fragility and deep insecurity. Those who have solid cultural and religious roots do not see the possibility of dialogue with those who are different as an impoverishment or a reduction, but rather take it as an opportunity to grow and mature in their own sense of belonging. These are the premises that Pope Francis lays out as the foundation of Fratelli Tutti, in which he invites us to recognize that religions “contribute significantly to building fraternity and defending justice in society” (FT 271)
When it comes to interreligious and ecumenical dialogue, it is Francis’s gestures that precede and direct his words.
On the very day of his election, his choice to apply the seemingly modest title of Bishop of Rome to himself attracted the attention of non-Catholic Christians, particularly from the Orthodox Churches. Equally significant was the participation of Bartholomew, the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, in the inaugural liturgy of his Petrine ministry. This was truly an epochal event, since this invitation was without precedent in the history of the modern and contemporary Church. We can likewise think of the many visits, often informal and unplanned, that Francis has made during his travels: with the representatives of the Waldensian Church in Turin, to whom he expressed regret for the persecutions suffered in Italy; with the Pentecostal Christians in Caserta, with whose pastor he had developed cordial and friendly relations since before his election as pope; the meeting in Abu Dhabi with the Grand Imam Ahmad Al-Tayyeb in 2019; and the visit in Iraq to the Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Al-Husaymi Al-Sistani in 2021. For the pope, it is not just a matter of getting to know others better, but of recognizing what the Spirit has sown in them as a gift for us too (EG 246).
The Magisterium of Pope Francis stands out for his wisdom and courage in focusing on the contextual aspect of the truth. He places a new emphasis on the “signs of the times” and underscores the “importance of reality” in the proclamation of the Gospel. This allows the Church to move toward rethinking its Magisterial posture, so that it may be more respectful of the diverse identities that make it up and more attentive to the sensibility expressed by other religions. It is not a question of limiting the usual claim of universality on the part of the Magisterium, but of understanding it in a different way.
Compared to his two immediate predecessors, Pope Francis shows a greater historical awareness of the progress of certain secular processes. By not merely denouncing the transformation of society that has taken place, he is able to propose a vision of the Church and Catholicism that is more consistent with historical reality. Giving up on tilting at the windmills of modernity is indispensable if the Church is to show renewed fidelity to the Gospel in today’s world and to have an impact on the great social issues.
Looking to the future of the Church and humanity more than to the past gives the Magisterium of Francis a dynamic strength that can alarm and disorient. By constantly drawing attention to the poor, to migrants, and to the suffering of all kinds, Francis has often been misunderstood and accused of letting the social dimension prevail over the transcendent dimension of the faith. In reality, his appeals seem to be driven by a profound spiritual and eschatological tension. He is firmly convinced that “at the end of our life we will be judged on love, that is, on our concrete commitment to love and serve Jesus in our littlest and neediest brothers and sisters.”19 To recognize Christ in the face of the poor is to await the face-to-face encounter with our Risen Lord.
A note on translations and the text
A note on some of the terms in this book: first, siblings. We use this instead of the cumbersome phrase brothers and sisters. “Siblings all” is the proper equivalent of the encyclical title Fratelli Tutti, which has its origins in St. Francis of Assisi. Fratelli and related words continue to be understood widely in Latinate languages to denote both genders.
Accordingly, in this text brothers and sisters and fraternity are used only when a translation is being quoted. Otherwise, when referring to the all-important idea, reality and ideal, we use “all siblings” or sometimes, as in the book’s title, echoing the Encyclical’s title, “siblings all.”
In Italian, pastorale is a noun (as well as adjective) designating all the Church’s ministry or services. Since pastoral in English is only an adjective, we shall use “pastoral life” to indicate this most important dimension and reality.
In Italian, storia means both (past) history and (contemporary) events or lived reality. Since this latter meaning is not necessarily understood in the English words story or narrative, we shall use “contemporary history” to indicate the events, changes, and trends of the current times.
Finally, the Appendices serve as additional or supplementary reflections on the two parts of this book. They can also be read as an indirect but meaningful introduction to Part I on the teachings of Vatican II and to Part II on Fratelli Tutti.
Table of Contents
Foreword ixAbbreviations xv
Acknowledgments xix
Introduction xxi
Pastoral life as intrinsic to, not derivative of, doctrinal elaboration xxiii
The Church as the “People of God” on the way to salvation xxv
The care of our “common home” xxviii Dialogue as path, collaboration as method xxix
A note on translations and the text xxxi
Part I
The Social Teaching of Pope Francis
1. A Teaching That Continues or Breaks with Tradition? 3
A new theological paradigm: Vatican II and taking responsibility before the world and history 6
The Church-world relationship and Vatican II’s “anthropological turn” 10
Looking at history with the eyes of faith: “Discerning the signs of the times” 14
The People of God: Exercising evangelical discernment through the faithful’s sense of the faith 17
2. After the Council, Two Approaches to Social Questions Emerge 23
John XXIII and Paul VI: The Church immersed in the “human” history of salvation 24
John Paul II: The truth of salvation illuminates human history 28
Benedict XVI: The Word of God unveils social evils 34
Francis: The revival of the conciliar perspective of Gaudium et Spes 38
3. Criteria for Discernment: Reading the “Signs of the Times” 43
First criterion: Faith that discerns “lifestyles” 45
Second criterion: The common good prevails over the logic of private interest 48
Third criterion: The realism of effective charity 51 Fourth criterion: The preferential option for the
poor 53
Fifth criterion: Care for creation 57
Part II Siblings All and Social Friendship: A “Sign of the Times”
4. Reflecting on the Problems, Analyzing the Causes 67
Siblings all as a “sign of the times” 68
Two general objections 72
The shadows of a closed world: Three variables for reading the present time 76
The need for a common project 81
Anthropological reductionism and human rights: The dignity of the person as the frontier of the
future 85
5. Scrutinizing the Present: Letting the Word of God Enlighten Us 89
A parable for everyone: The Word of God transcends every border 90
A parable of “perception”: Converting how we look and see 92
A stranger on the road: Stimulated to abandon disengagement 94
Retreating “together” from the logic of the violent: Economy and solidarity 96
6. Generating an Open World: Discerning and Judging 99
The dynamism of grace: The love of Christ that unites us to the neighbor 100
Extending the meaning of “being siblings”: Making the rights of the person and of peoples truly
universal 103
A “basic acknowledgment”: The inalienable right to integral human development 106
A heart open to the whole world: Immigration as an opportunity for enrichment and interchange 109
7. Building a Better and More Open World 113
“Good politics”: Striving for the high ideals of social ethics 114
Charity as the “soul” of politics: Acting on the global level 119
Dialogue and social friendship: Approaching the other with respect in order to seek the truth
together 123
Pathways toward a new encounter: Builders and artisans of peace 129
Two “false answers”: War and the death penalty 137
8. The Church and Religions Serving the Universal Call to Be Siblings 147
Interreligious dialogue and our all being siblings: The relevance of the Declaration Nostra Aetate 149
Human dignity and autonomous reason: The need to recover the transcendent foundation of the
human being 153
Church, religions, and political community: The public relevance of the “experiential treasure” of
religions 156
The Gospel is the “source” of Christian identity: Church action to defend religious freedom and
promote ecumenical dialogue 162
Conclusion 171
Appendices Appendix I. Siblings All after the Pandemic 181
Five principles for transformation in the wake of the global COVID-19 crisis 179
Appendix II. Dancing and Mourning 187
Meditate on the Word to discern in the present 185
Index 197
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