Smart Technologies

by W A Bullough, Keith Worden, J Haywood

Overview

This book is a general introduction to intelligent or smart materials, systems and machines. Presented in understandable and non-mathematical terms, it is for anyone who is interested in future developments in these fields or who needs to be briefed on the current status of these interdisciplinary technologies. The intended audience comprises physicists, engineers, materials scientists and computer scientists of all levels, from undergraduates to post-doctoral practitioners.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9789810247768
Publisher:	World Scientific Publishing Company, Incorporated
Publication date:	05/05/2003
Pages:	284
Product dimensions:	6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x 0.90(d)

Table of Contents

	Preface	v
Chapter 1	The Smart Approach--An Introduction to Smart Technologies	1
1.1	What Constitutes a Smart Technology?	1
1.2	Application of Smart Technologies	2
1.2.1	An Interdisciplinary Field	2
Chapter 2	Sensing Systems for Smart Structures	7
2.1	Introduction	7
2.2	Sensor Requirements in Smart Systems	8
2.3	Sensor Technologies for Smart Systems	11
2.3.1	The Options	11
2.3.2	Using Conventional Sensors	13
2.3.3	New Technologies--Fibre Optic Sensors	15
2.3.4	MEMS	24
2.3.5	Piezoceramics and Piezoelectric Polymers	30
2.3.6	Film Technologies: Coatings and Threads	31
2.4	Conclusions	34
Chapter 3	Vibration Control Using Smart Structures	37
3.1	Introduction	37
3.1.1	The Dynamics of Structures	39
3.1.2	Modal Analysis of Structures	40
3.2	Sensors and Actuators	42
3.3	Active Control of Structures	45
3.3.1	Modal Control	46
3.3.2	Adding Damping--Derivative Feedback	48
3.3.3	Positive Position Feedback	48
3.3.4	Other Controllers	50
3.4	Examples of Vibration Control	50
3.4.1	A Cantilever Beam	52
3.4.2	A Slewing Beam	55
3.4.3	A Slewing Frame	57
3.4.4	Antenna	61
3.4.5	Plate Example	64
3.5	Conclusions	68
	Bibliography	69
Chapter 4	Data Fusion--The Role of Signal Processing for Smart Structures and Systems	71
4.1	Introduction	71
4.2	Sensors	73
4.3	Sensor Fusion	76
4.4	The JDL Model	80
4.5	The Boyd Model	82
4.6	The Waterfall Model	84
4.7	The Omnibus Model	85
4.8	The Relevance of Data Fusion for Smart Structures	86
4.9	Case Study: Fault Detection Based on Lamb Wave Scattering	88
4.9.1	Lamb Waves	88
4.9.2	Novelty Detection	90
4.9.3	Results	92
4.10	Sensor Optimisation, Validation and Failure-Safety	94
4.10.1	Optimal Sensor Distributions	94
4.10.2	Failure-Safe Distributions	98
4.11	Conclusions	100
Appendix A	The Multi-Layer Perceptron	101
	Bibliography	105
Chapter 5	Shape Memory Alloys--A Smart Technology?	109
5.1	Introduction	109
5.2	Structural Origins of Shape Memory	111
5.3	One-Way Shape Memory	111
5.4	Two-Way Memory Effect	113
5.5	Pseudoelasticity or the Superelastic Effect	114
5.6	A Brief History of Memory Alloys and their Application	115
5.7	Why Not Use Bimetals?	118
5.8	Types of Shape Memory Alloy	118
5.9	Nickel Titanium Shape Memory Alloys	119
5.9.1	Background	119
5.9.2	Mechanical Behaviour	119
5.9.3	Corrosion Characteristics	121
5.9.4	Ternary Additions	121
5.9.5	Summary of Mechanical and Physical Properties	122
5.10	NiTi Shape Memory Alloys in Smart Applications	122
5.11	Shape Memory Alloys as Smart Actuators	125
5.11.1	Political Factors	126
5.11.2	Economic Forces	126
5.11.3	Social Forces	127
5.11.4	Technological Forces	128
5.12	Shape Memory Alloys and their Fit to Smart Technologies	128
5.12.1	Shape Memory Alloys--A Smart Material?	128
5.12.2	Shape Memory Alloys in Smart Structures	129
5.12.2.1	Passive Composite Structures	130
5.12.2.2	Structural Shape Control	131
5.12.2.3	Vibration Control	132
5.12.2.4	Buckling Control	133
5.12.2.5	Acoustic Radiation	133
5.12.2.6	Active Damage Control	134
5.13	Final Thoughts	135
	Bibliography	137
Chapter 6	Piezoelectric Materials	141
6.1	Introduction to Piezoelectricity	141
6.1.1	Crystallography of Piezoelectricity	142
6.1.2	The Interaction Between Mechanical and Electrical Systems	144
6.1.3	Some Piezoelectric Materials	145
6.2	Applications of the Direct Piezoelectric Effect	147
6.3	Acoustic Transducers	149
6.4	Piezoelectric Actuators	149
6.4.1	Bimorphs and Other Bending Piezo-Actuators	150
6.4.2	Monolithic Actuators	152
6.4.2.1	Moonies and Cymbals	153
6.4.3	Stack and Multi-Layer Actuators	156
6.4.3.1	Multi-Layer Characteristics	157
6.4.3.2	Dynamic Characteristics of Multi-Layers	158
6.5	The Problem of Amplification	161
6.5.1	Mechanical Amplification	162
6.5.2	The Summation of Multiple Small Steps	163
6.5.3	The Impact Technique	166
6.6	Further Application Examples	167
	Bibliography	169
Chapter 7	Magnetostriction	171
7.1	Introduction	171
7.1.1	Background	172
7.2	Rare Earth Intermetallics	175
7.3	Actuation	182
7.3.1	Generic Actuators	182
7.3.2	Magnetostrictive Motors	184
7.3.3	Sonic and Ultrasonic Emission	186
7.3.4	Vibration Control and Absorbers	187
7.4	Conclusions	189
	Bibliography	191
Chapter 8	Smart Fluid Machines	193
8.1	Introduction	193
8.2	Concepts and Philosophy	193
8.3	More Philosophy	201
8.4	The Strictor Driven-Hydraulic Valve	203
8.5	Electrostructured Fluids	203
8.6	Performance Prediction	206
8.7	Applications	213
	Bibliography	219
Chapter 9	Smart Biomaterials--"Out-Smarting" the Body's Defense Systems and Other Advances in Materials for Medicine	221
9.1	Introduction	221
9.2	Dumb Biomaterials--The First Generation	226
9.3	Planning and Refinement--Second Generation Biomaterials	229
9.3.1	Calcium Phosphate Ceramics	231
9.3.2	Bioactive Glasses	233
9.4	Smart Surfaces Tailored for Specific Applications--Third Generation Biomaterials	235
9.4.1	Materials-Tissue Interface	235
9.4.2	Functionalised Surfaces	237
9.4.3	Biologically Modified Surfaces	239
9.4.3.1	Bacterial Adhesion	240
9.4.3.2	Bone Bonding	241
9.4.3.3	Blood Compatible Surfaces	241
9.5	Really Smart Biomaterials--The Next Generation	242
9.6	Conclusions	244
	Bibliography	247
Chapter 10	Natural Engineering--The Smart Synergy	249
10.1	Introduction	249
10.2	Intelligent Biomimetics	250
10.2.1	Sensory Mechanisms	250
10.2.1.1	Arthropod Mechano-Receptors	250
10.2.1.2	Vertebrate Sensors	259
10.2.2	Integration and Coding	261
10.2.3	Actuation	261
10.2.3.1	Skin	261
10.2.3.2	Deployable Structures	263
10.2.4	Implementation	264
10.2.4.1	Liquid Crystals	264
10.3	Conclusions	268
	Bibliography	269