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Overview
This anthology examines the social construction of race, class, gender, and sexuality and the institutional bases for these relations. While other texts discuss various forms of stratification and the impact of these on members of marginalized groups, Ore provides a thorough discussion of how such systems of stratification are formed and perpetuated and how forms of stratification are interconnected. Critical thinking questions at the end of each reading and part opening essays aid students in understanding how the material relates to their lives and how their own attitudes, actions, and perspectives may serve to perpetuate a stratified system. 13 new readings have been added focusing on the experiences of immigrants, contemporary issues in social institutions, current examples of how the media portrays events and much more.
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Table of Contents
Preface xiii
Part I Constructing Differences 1
Examining what categories are constructed, how this is done, and why such categories of difference are constructed.
Race and Ethnicity 19
1 Racial Formations Michael Omi Howard Winant 19
2 Optional Ethnicities: For Whites Only? Mary C. Waters 29
3 Becoming Suspects Tram Nguyen 42
4 How Did Jews Become White Folks? Karen Brodkin 56
Social Class 75
5 Race, Wealth, and Equality Melvin L. Oliver Thomas M. Shapiro 75
6 Media Magic: Making Class Invisible Gregory Mantsios 88
7 Doubly Divided: The Racial Wealth Gap Meizhu Lui 97
8 Getting Corporations off the Public Dole Janice Shields 104
Sex and Gender 111
9 The Social Construction of Gender Judith Lorber 111
10 The Five Sexes, Revisited Anne Fausto-Sterling 119
11 The Transgender Paradigm Shift toward Free Expression Holly Boswell 127
12 Masculinity as Homophobia: Fear, Shame, and Silence in the Construction of Gender Identity Michael S. Kimmel 132
Sexuality 150
13 The Invention of Heterosexuality Jonathan Ned Katz 150
14 Sexuality and Gender in Children's Daily Worlds Barrie Thorne Zella Luria 163
15 Sexual Identity and Bisexual Identities: The Struggle for Self-Description in a Changing Sexual Landscape Paula C. Rust 183
16 Naming All the Parts Kate Bornstein 201
Part II Maintaining Inequalities: Systems of Oppression and Privilege 213
Examining what elements of social structure work to maintain systems of stratification based on constructions of difference.
Social Institutions: Family 239
17 Our Mothers' Grief: Racial-Ethnic Women and the Maintenance of Families Bonnie Thornton Dill 239
18 Families on the Fault Line: America's Working Class Speaks about the Family, the Economy, Race, and Ethnicity Lillian B. Rubin 260
19 Stability and Change in Chicano Men's Family Lives Scott Coltrane 270
20 Gay and Lesbian Families Are Here Judith Stacey 292
Social Institutions: Education 305
21 Savage Inequalities: Children in America's Schools Jonathan Kozol 305
22 Preparing for Power: Cultural Capital and Curricula in America's Elite Boarding Schools Peter W. Cookson, Jr. Caroline Hodges Persell 312
23 Civilize Them with a Stick Mary Crow Dog Richard Erdoes 323
24 Missing in Interaction Myra Sadker David Sadker 331
25 Schools and the Social Control of Sexuality Melinda S. Miceli 344
Social Institutions: Work and Economy 354
26 Jobless Ghettos: The Social Implications of the Disappearance of Work in Segregated Neighborhoods William J. Wilson 354
27 "We'd Love to Hire Them, But... ": The Meaning of Race for Employers Joleen Kirschenman Kathryn M. Neckerman 365
28 The Glass Escalator: Hidden Advantages for Men in the "Female" Professions Christine L. Williams 375
29 Cause of Death: Inequality Alejandro Reuss 387
Social Institutions: The State and Public Policy 392
30 Welfare Reform, Family Hardship, and Women of Color Linda Burnham 392
31 Beyond Crime and Punishment: Prisons and Inequality Bruce Western Becky Pettit 403
32 No Equal Justice: Race and Class in the American Criminal Justice System David Cole 410
33 The Effects of Affirmative Action on Other Stakeholders Barbara Reskin 419
34 The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: Racialized Social Democracy and the "White" Problem in American Studies George Lipsitz 432
Social Institutions: Media 444
35 Five Decades and Three Hundred Sitcoms about Class and Gender Richard Butsch 444
36 Distorted Reality: Hispanic Characters in TV Entertainment S. Robert Lichter Daniel R. Amundson 463
37 Gay Characters in Conventional Spaces: Will and Grace and the Situation Comedy Genre Kathleen Battles Wendy Hilton-Morrow 477
38 Metaphors Matter: Disaster Myths, Media Frames, and Their Consequences in Hurricane Katrina Kathleen Tierney Christine Bevc Erica Kuligowski 498
Language and Culture 524
39 Racism in the English Language Robert B. Moore 524
40 Self, Identity, and the Naming Question: Reflections on the Language of Disability Irving Kenneth Zola 535
41 How to Tame a Wild Tongue Gloria Anzaldúa 548
42 The Dark Side of Sports Symbols Stanley D. Eitzen Maxine Baca Zinn 558
Violence and Social Control 566
43 Where Race and Gender Meet: Racism, Hate Crimes, and Pornography Helen Zia 566
44 Fraternities and Collegiate Rape Culture: Why Are Some Fraternities More Dangerous Places for Women? A. Ayres Boswell Joan Z. Spade 570
45 The Construction of Masculinity and the Triad of Men's Violence Michael Kaufman 584
46 Homophobia as a Weapon of Sexism Suzanne Pharr 601
Part III Experiencing Difference and Inequality in Everyday Life 612
Examining the impact of constructions of difference and maintaining inequalities on members of society.
47 Making Systems of Privilege Visible Stephanie M. Wildman Adrienne D. Davis 615
48 "Yes, I Follow Islam, But I'm Not a Terrorist" Nada El Sawy 622
49 A Dozen Demons Ellis Cose 624
50 Always Running Luis Rodriguez 634
51 The Story of My Body Judith Ortiz Cofer 640
52 Separated by Deportation Tram Nguyen 649
53 "Gee, You Don't Seem Like an Indian from the Reservation" Barbara Cameron 665
54 Living Fearlessly with and within Differences: My Search for Identity beyond Categories and Contradictions Shefali Milczarek-Desai 671
55 Nickel-and-Dimed On (Not) Getting by in America Barbara Ehrenreich 681
56 I Am Your Welfare Reform Annie Downey 695
57 Learning to Fight Geoffrey Canada 697
58 Bisexuality, Feminism, Men and Me Robyn Ochs 703
Part IV Resistance and Social Change 708
Examining how people working within individual and institutional contexts transform difference from a system of inequality to a system of liberation.
59 Toward a New Vision: Race, Class, and Gender as Categories of Analysis and Connection Patricia Hill Collins 720
60 Cultural Resistance: Reconstructing Our Own Images Yen Le Espiritu 735
61 Good for the 'Hood? Anmol Chaddha 745
62 Seeing More Than Black and White: Latinos, Racism, and the Cultural Divides Elizabeth Martinez 752
63 How White People Can Serve as Allies to People of Color in the Struggle to End Racism Paul Kivel 759
64 Dismantling Noah's Ark: Gender and Equality Judith Lorber 768
65 Voices of a New Movimiento Roberto Lovato 782