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Audience: Researchers in the areas of civil, material, mechanical, marine, and aerospace engineering, who wish to explore the potential of the technology in various applications; electrical and optoelectronic engineers who are developing the technology.
| Preface | ||
| Acknowledgments | ||
| 1 | Introduction | 1 |
| 2 | Need for Integrated Structural Monitoring | 15 |
| 3 | Introduction to Lightwaves | 52 |
| 4 | Light Sources and Detectors | 100 |
| 5 | Fiber Optic Technology | 160 |
| 6 | Fiber Optic Structural Sensors and Their Merits | 233 |
| 7 | Fiber Optic Strain and Temperature Sensitivity | 263 |
| 8 | Sensor Installation and Material Integration Issues | 325 |
| 9 | Gauge Sensor and Applications | 369 |
| 10 | Long Gauge-Length Fiber Optic Sensing | 475 |
| 11 | Multiplexed Fiber Optic Structural Sensing | 526 |
| 12 | Distributed Strain and Temperature Sensing | 595 |
| 13 | Future Prospects and Summary | 644 |
| References | 659 | |
| Index | 701 |
Fiber optic technology is destined to become one of the core technologies of the twenty-first century. The purpose of this book is to show that this exciting new technology could also have an important role to play in structural monitoring. We explain the merits of this technology and show that it is unrivaled in terms of measurement versatility and convenience when it comes to integrating sensor arrays into practical structures as diverse as bridges, ships, and aircraft. One of its most significant advantages over conventional technology is the ability to use a single strand of optical fiber to replace the hundreds of wires required for measuring a given strain field using strain gauges. The fact that such a highly instrumented optical fiber can readily be embedded within FRP composite material structures, even if pultruded, contributes to the excitement in regard to its potential applications. When it is also appreciated that fiber optic sensors are immune to electrical interference and corrosion and do not create electrical pathways, it can be understood why there is so much interest in this revolutionary technology.
In the case of the construction industry, the condition of large numbers of major structures {bridges, dams, tunnels . . .} could be monitored by this fiber optic sensing technology from central monitoring stations through telephone lines, cellular phones, or satellite links. It may be possible in the twenty-first century for an engineer, or student, anywhere on the planet to use the Internet to log-on to one of many major structures and see in real-time the structure's response to its environment and loading and then to compare this response to that predicted by a computer model of the structure.
This book is designed to introduce fiber optic structural sensing to those interested in learning what is possible with this new monitoring technology. The book is intended to serve as a primer for understanding the basics of the technology and, most important, to provide an insight into its extraordinary measurement capability.
Chapter 1 provides some background and places fiber optic structural monitoring into the broader context of the emerging field of ``smart structures.'' Chapter 2 establishes the need for structural monitoring with fiber optic technology in many diverse disciplines ranging from civil to aerospace engineering. Chapter 3 introduces the most important concepts and principles of lightwave theory and lays the groundwork for fiber optic technology. Chapter 4 reviews in some detail light sources and detectors as these topics constitute the heart of the optoelectronic systems designed to read fiber optic sensors. Chapter 5 describes the propagation of light in optical fibers and describes the primary fiber optic components referred to in subsequent chapters.
Chapter 6 indicates the merits of fiber optic sensors and provides an overview of the different types of fiber optic sensors. Chapter 7 lays the foundation for understanding the strain and temperature sensitivity of fiber optic sensors and discusses thermal apparent strain and methods of compensating its in¯uence. Chapter 8 is concerned with the installation of fiber optic sensors on, and within, structures and addresses a number of important material integration issues, including the in¯uence of embedded optical fiber sensors on the properties of the host structure.
Chapter 9 focuses on the short gauge-length fiber optic sensor and reviews methods of demodulating (interrogating) Fiber Bragg grating and Fabry±Perot interferometric sensors. A rich collection of applications for such sensors is described, including a number of key field site applications. Chapter 10 concentrates on long gauge-length fiber optic sensors, describing methods of demodulation and a broad range of applications.
Chapter 11 presents a detailed description of techniques used to serial multiplex and demodulate strings of Fiber Bragg grating sensors and illustrates this topic with a number of applications. Chapter 12 is concerned with truly distributed strain and temperature sensing, with an emphasis on techniques involving Fiber Bragg gratings. Chapter 13 presents a brief discussion on future prospects and describes a universal Fiber Bragg grating sensor demodulation system based on the use of an advanced rapidly scanned, tunable DFB laser. It also provides a brief summary of many of the key points made in the sensing part of the book, that is to say, Chapters 6 through 12.
In a field that is advancing as rapidly as fiber optic structural monitoring, the best we can hope to achieve is provide: (i) a strong foundation that will serve the reader for some years, (ii) a snapshot of the status of the technology today, and (iii) insight into the myriad of ways in which this technology can be used for structural monitoring. I have tried to also steer the reader in the direction for future advances and demonstrate that the technology has an established record of success in many applications, including a number of major field-site applications.
The reader is invited to visit the web site members.home.net/smoft where they can obtain a brief overview of the book, including color versions of some of the illustrations in the book. It is also planned to provide an update on research and applications of this technology through this web site. A more in-depth overview of the subject material of the book is available directly from the author in the form of an interactive CD-ROM. This presentation is highly animated and visually exciting and intended for people who wish to quickly grasp the most important aspects of this subject.
Raymond M. Measures Thornhill, Ontario rm.measures@home.com
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